Human Resource Management in Business Context - 1189 Words

Human resource management or mostly named simply as HRM is a strategic method thoroughly thought out for managing industrial relations which accentuate the fact that workforce efficiency and commitment are the key factors in achieving constant competitive advantage or high quality work performance. This is accomplished through a peculiar set of integrated employment policies, programmes and practices intruded in an organisational and social context (Bratton and Gold, 2012). The new HRM model is created from the strategies that contribute mutuality – reciprocal targets, influence, respect and responsibilities. The theory claims that these methods of mutuality educe involvement in a common activity and therefore implementation of the†¦show more content†¦Secondly, human resources manager needs to provide an existing working team with a new member who will be not only appropriate for the job being given but also would easily join the team. People who work in the company for a longer time will have to except the beginner; otherwise, even the best employee in the world will not be able to help the firm by sharing his or her knowledge and trying to contribute in the work. Attitude to organisation, tasks given and the colleagues, person’s behaviour during the working time and after that and team working skills are essential while HR specialist is selecting a newcomer. Employment relationship and organisational culture are ones of the critical factors that affect decision making. The aim of HR manager is to describe a potential employee the key aspects of organisational culture. These are not the obvious cultural differences we stick to as the stereotypes, such as native languages, various religions, predominant gender in the team, etc. but individual culture of organisation, including team’s dress-code, traditions and rules, business ethics colleagues follow, holidays they celebrate together and non-verbal behaviour people use. Strong co rporate culture introduces its own features in every single group even these would be just separate branches of the same company. Hofstede (1980) describes most societies as ‘collectivist’ in a non-political sense. In these cultures people obtain their identity from an extended family orShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management in Business Context1884 Words   |  8 Pagesmotivator for employees and is it an effective way for organisations to gain and retain high performing staff. This is questionable especially as organisations differ in size, organisational culture (therefore differing needs), the ability and/or resources to manage an effective process to support PRP. This study will explore whether performance bonuses offer a win-win for both the organisation and the employees, using primarily the public sector, with reference to the private sector. â€Å"PRP was theRead MoreThe Long Term Performance Of A Company1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Greek terms Stratos (army) and agein (lead). In the managerial context, and in today s meaning, that word has replaced the more traditional term long-term planning, to denote a specific pattern of decisions and actions taken by the highest level of the organization to achieve the performance targets. In this context, the strategic management is defined, therefore, as that set of decisions and actions taken by management to assess the long term performance of a company. The world of organizationsRead MoreMultinational Corporations Based On International Business Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategies. As these issues of differentiation and integration are often facilitated by HRM activities, they represent a critical component in the IHRM. An example of this dual focus is found in most multinational corporations based on international business, which tend to assign primary responsibility to their subsidiaries for local compensation and benefits, training and labour relations, with regional units assuming secondary responsibility (Reynolds 1992). Productive globalization occurred with theRead MoreWhy Is Consideration of the Social and Economic Context Necessary for Understanding Work and Learning in Canada934 Words   |  4 Pageseducation, learning, training and work. In this essay, I will provide examples of why social and economic context must be considered when understanding work and learning. I will also examine assumptions frequently made by Human Resources Management (HRM) and their perspective on the purpose and outcomes of learning and the critiques that challenge these perspectives. Understanding the social context for work and learning contains many variables. Life experiences, level of education, age, ethnicity andRead MoreImportance Of Small And Medium Enterprises Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagesadoptions proves its high impact on our life be it economical, social, professional or even if personal. Because IT offers innumerous number of benefits, it is very important to adapt IT in every fields specially Small and Medium Business(SMB). Small Business and mid-size business plays vital role in the progress of country. These small and Medium Enterprises (SME) gives significant contribution to economical growth and sound support for country s economy. And IT specially Internet is having high impactRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Development Framework1614 Words   |  7 Pagesof the different frameworks/models proposed by different researchers and eventually propose a framework of choice which will help leaders to better manage their Human Capital (HC) and un derstand how to incorporate HR policies into everyday decision making and long term planning. First we start by defining Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). We then look into what purpose it serves in an organisation. Then we look into the different models of SHRM how these models compare with each other. LiteratureRead MoreThe Influence of a Companys Leadership and Culture on Its Business Ethics1541 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the ways in which a companys leadership and culture influence its business ethics Definition of Organizational Culture Organizational culture refers to the values and behaviors essential in the contribution or development of unique social and psychological environment with reference to an organization. This is an indication that organizational culture is inclusive of the expectations, philosophy, values, and experiences that focus on holding an organization together with the aim of enhancingRead MoreThe Hidden Talent Of Talent Management1339 Words   |  6 Pagesidentified. Talent management is a systematic attraction, identification, development, engagement/retention and deployment of those individuals with high potential who are of particular value to an organization. This study is endeavour to identify the hidden talent of the Information Technology employees. The primary data has been collected through questionaries’. Key words: Employees, Information Technology organizations Talent, Talent Management. INTRODUCTION The process of talent management is indispensableRead MoreExamples of Ihrm and Domestic Hrm Essay841 Words   |  4 Pagesmultinational ventures stem from a lack of understanding of the essential differences in managing human resources in foreign environments (Desatnick Bennett 1978). The world has become more globalized, competitive, dynamic and uncertain than ever before. As more and more firms operate internationally, the search for the elements of global competitive advantage is a prominent theme in the management literature (Dickman Mà ¼ller-Camen, 2006: 580). There is a clear need to develop an understandingRead MoreSocial Relations And Human Resource Management1223 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation and experience base), overall context (cultural, socio-economic, political etc.) has a significant impact on labor relations and human resource management (HRM). â€Å"The human resource function matters more than its practitioners tend to think. Human resources is a crucial point of intersection between the broader society and business† (Capelli Yang, 2010, p.1). The impact of societal issues such as unemployment, poverty, inequality and lack of human development on labor relations and

Walt Disney And The Disney Company Essay - 1236 Words

Founded in 1923 by animator Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney, the Walt Disney Company is an â€Å"American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate†; whose media companies include the Disney Channel, ABC, ESPN, and AE. Furthermore, they receive revenue from their various theme parks and resorts located around the world, the sale of merchandise related to their various media projects, and their mergers and acquisitions. Notably with Pixar, Marvel, and LucasFilm Ltd. Walt Disney is currently led by, C.E.O. Robert A. Iger and C.F.O. Christine McCarthy. The income statement, for the year 2016 recorded total revenue of $55,632 million, a 6% increase from 2015. Service revenue reached $47,130 million, a 7% increase from 2015. The increase in service revenue came from higher merchandise and game licensing revenue, average guest spending and attendance growth at Walt Disney’s domestic parks and resorts, higher affiliate fees, growth in TV/ subscription video on demand, revenues from the opening of Shanghai Disney Resort, growth in digital distribution of film content, and higher advertising revenue. Product revenue decreased to $8,502 million, 1% lower than the previous year. Walt Disney’s media networks generate revenue from affiliate fees, ad sales, and the sale and distribution of television programming. The parks and resorts of Walt Disney generate revenue from admission sales, food, beverage, and merchandise sales, hotel room charges, and cruise package andShow MoreRelatedDisney Of The Walt Disney Company753 Words   |  4 Pages As has been noted, Disney World is one of the biggest companies in the world. As long as we have this big company, we may have uncountable numbers. It is a huge brand and it has many fans. Even there are many advantages or disadvantages from having it, they still have their main goal, which is making profits. According to Disney’s corporate website, the mission of the Walt Disney Company is to be one of the world’s famous creators and producers of enjoyment and data. Utilizing our container ofRead MoreWalt Disney Company954 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney Company Angela Pursel University of Phoenix COM 530/ Communications for Accountants Brent Smith March 21, 2011 Walt Disney Company Walt Disney is a well-known name in today’s society. Walt Disney once stated, â€Å"You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful place in the world but it requires people to make the dream a reality† (Sparks, 2007). Marty Sklar, Vice Chairman and principal creative executive for Walt Disney Imagineering was quoted as saying, â€Å"FromRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company1001 Words   |  5 PagesThe Walt Disney Company Jessica Weber Communications for Accountants / COM/530 September 13, 2010 Deborah Elver, MBA, CPA The Walt Disney Company Walt Disney founded the Walt Disney Company in the late 1920s in order to provide families across America and around the world with quality entertainment for every member in the family. Disney created entertainment for families in several different ways. The first being their television programs, which include animated and live moviesRead MoreWalt Disney Company1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe Walt Disney Company if there was an authoritarian leader it would affect group communication immensely because the employees need to be creative and because authoritarian leaders â€Å"make decisions, give the orders, and generally control all activities† (Beebe Masterson, 2009, P. 290) this does not allow creative communication. When a leader dictates techniques to a group it does not allow constructive communication, and ideal sharing, and this would not be good for The Walt Disney Company. InRead MoreWalt Disney Company1730 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company is a diver sified international family entertainment and media enterprise business. They have five business segments which are media network, parks and resorts, studio entertainment, consumer products and interactive media. Disney Media Network consists of broadcast, cable, radio, publishing and digital businesses within the Disney/ABC Television Group and ESPN, Inc. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is comprised of family oriented parks and resorts all around the world. TheyRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company1848 Words   |  8 PagesThe Walt Disney Company (Disney). The third section will examine the similarities and differences found within a comparison of The Walt Disney Company’s financial statements and the financial statements discussed and demonstrated within the course textbook. This section will also contain an in-depth discussion of the financial statements’ dissimilarity and posit rationales for these differences. The fourth section will discuss debt load as an area of concern for potential investors in The Walt DisneyRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company1633 Words   |  7 Pagesapplied on the analysis of the ethical issue of the Walt Disney Company. The recommendations we believed that can help to address the ethical problems are also included in this paper. Background of The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company is a international entertainment and media enterprise. It has established for more than nine decades and developed from a cartoon studio in the 1920s to the global corporation today. The Walt Disney Company is consisted of five business segments which areRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company642 Words   |  3 Pagesentertainment and media, Disney has also been able to remain profitable for so long due to the company’s various strategies used to create value through diversification, expansion, and integration. Throughout Disney’s history, the company was always operated by key businesspeople that had a goal of maintaining the brand and remaining profitable as the largest multinational entertainment conglomerate in the world. Additionally, Walt and Roy Disney set the stage for future leaders of the company to achieve successRead MoreWalt Disney Company.857 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney Company is famed for its creativity, strong global brand, and u ncanny ability to take service and experience businesses to higher levels. In the early 1990s, then-CEO Michael Eisner looked to the fast-food industry as a way to draw additional attention to the Disney presence outside of its theme parks - its retail chain was highly successful and growing rapidly. A fast-food restaurant made sense from Eisner’s perspective since Disney’s theme parks had already mastered rapid, high-volumeRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company4305 Words   |  18 PagesThe Walt Disney Company; A Dream and a Mouse Abstract Throughout its history, the Walt Disney Company has seen both struggle and success. Today the company continues to expand both globally and within its current business segments with new projects and acquisitions. In a struggling economy that has lent to the fall of other major companies, the importance of realistic and useful information is necessary to estimate the current and future financial stability for a company’s investors

Logistics Operations and Retail Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Logistics Operations and Retail Management. Answer: Introduction Laburnum Group is established in 1920 and it is considered as one of the largest Australian groups of companies having their main area of revenue is coming from their two companies which are the Sapphire Energy and Aus Cotton. The main objective of this group is to maximize the returns of the shareholders. It is seen recently that the two companies under this group is facing some challenges and inefficiencies which is actually making the top management of this group to rethink their business strategies and the current processes for maximizing the returns to their shareholders. The main area which is considered s the challenge for the group is basically related with the procurement and the supply chain. There is the development of the cross functional team to be deployed for managing and identifying the areas which needs to be improved (Kim and Chai 2017). The study is focusing on how Laburnum Group will be identifying and managing the challenges they are facing recently from their tw o business portfolios. It is also describing the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the loopholes created and the mitigation of the challenges are needed. It is observed from the case study that Sapphire Energy has the contract with Eastern Power storeroom who is procuring this cable so that the electric service should be delivered at the different areas of Victoria. It is seen that now Eastern Power actually need around 155,000 meters of cable for providing the best electric service to the customers. The challenge the company is facing is basically the carrying cost of the cable is very high and there is around 1/12th part of the annual cost is paid to the Electric Store room for delivering this cable to Sapphire Energy. There is an agreement to be made with Electric Store for reducing the lead time. There will be no discounts on the volume of this cable to be made and the supplier is indicating that the discount will be offered only if it has the minimum order volume of 4500 meters. It is also seen that the ordering costs is also high which is around $50 and the inventory carrying costs on all the items is around 10 percent of the pu rchase price which is also high as this will add up and the total price for supplying this cable for the customers gets enhanced which is adjusted in the electric bills. From the case scenario it is depicted that the ordering costs for the cable is around $50 so the ordering cost is dependent on the annual demand. This tells that of the ordering cost is increased then the annual demand will also increase. This indicates that the customer across the different cities of Victoria have large demand of this cable which the Eastern Store should have to meet it. This is also dependent on the value of economic order quantity. If the economic order quantity increases the annual demand also increases. So in this case the effectiveness of the current ordering system is very high for Sapphire Energy as the ordering costs for this cable is very high. So this depicts that Sapphire Energy has the high demand of this cable for the future which will be maximizing the sales and this results in maximizing the shareholders of Laburnum Group as well. Ways of improving the current ordering system of Sapphire Energy The ways of improving the current ordering system is to increase the ordering cost for the cable. The next could be the increase in the annual demand met by Sapphire energy year by year. The annual demand the ordering costs for the cable is directly related with the economic order quantity of that product. This depicts the improvement in the financial performance of Sapphire Energy which I enhancing the revenue of the business for Laburnum Group as well. There is also the improvement of the current ordering system to be made by reducing the carrying cost for the cable. The lower the price of carrying cost per meter for the cable, there is the increase in the annual demand of the cable to be taken place. There is the other way of improving the performance of the current ordering system is basically the reduction in the inventory carrying costs of the cable which is added with the purchasing prices for the cable and this will increase the overall costs of purchasing the cable for the c ustomers (Presley, Meade and Sarkis 2016). It is important to mention the fact that Aus Cotton a company of Laburnum Group is facing some of the procurement and the supply chain issues by which they could not be able to deliver the products with wide variety to the customers. It is required by the newly hired Senior Vice president of the Supply chain to address the issue of procurement and supply side sources for this company. According to the case scenario, Aus Cotton is much focused on the contract manufacturing where they have to provide huge profit margins to the manufacturers with whom the company is in contracting with. They have to deal with huge number of products with varied ranges which is involving from the seasonal as well the products which are not found in season time, rather than it is delivered to the customers as and when required. So it is the responsibility of the senior Vice president of Aus Cotton to rethink about an approach. The approach which should be taken into consideration should be the approach of strategic sourcing. In accordance with Jacobs, Chase and Lummus (2014) strategic sourcing is defined as the approach which is useful in gathering information and it should be applied in such a way that it should be enhancing the power from the customers to purchase the products or services available to them. According to the case scenario the major global issues which are linked with the area of strategic sourcing is the consistency in the demand and supply of the products by Aus Cotton. Due to the increasing demand of the products of Aus Cotton, there is always a decreased supply to be taken place as if demand for the product increases, the prices for the products starts increasing and the supply side decreases to a certain level. It is also seen that due to unexpected changes in the volume and length of the product lines developed by Aus Cotton, they could not be able to supply the products on a constant basis by the manufacturers and this leads to delay in the delivery of the products for the customers (Swink et al. 2017). The next global issue could be the inaccuracy and the transparency of the data or information required for the manufacturers to provide it as this will be causing problems in integrating security for the operations of Aus Cotton. There is the need of the information regarding the needs and demands of the target market where they want to enhance their business. It is important for the Senior Vice President to be able to get the required information from the market and the customer trends and analyzing their needs and demands from the products they purchase. The Senior Vice President of Aus Cotton need to analyze and implement the positioning strategy as well for making the products accustomed with the market conditions. Impacts of less than perfect demand forecasts for Aus Cotton The impacts of the less than demand forecasts for Aus Cotton are depicted below Poor Quality Customer Service- With the less than perfect demand forecasts for Aus Cotton indicates that there is poor quality of service to be given to the customers. The customers will not be getting the products consistently and also at the right time which results in delay of delivery for them. The less than perfect demand forecasts also reduce the reliability of the customers towards Aus Cotton. Lack of volume of products manufactured- It is seen that due to the less than demand forecasts the prediction for the products manufactured will become less and it does not meet the expectations of the top management of Aus Cotton which result in loss of customers for the company. Urgent Increase in Carrying Costs- It is seen that if the demand forecasted is less, then there is an increase in the transportation costs for the products takes place if the customers urgently require the products (Fernie and Sparks 2014). So there is an increase in the cost of the transport services used for moving the products from the contract manufacturers to the distribution centers. Ways of mitigating the issue of Aus Cotton It is important that for mitigating the issue of less than perfect demand forecasts the company should be using the local manufacturers in Australia who can be able to manufacture the summer and the winter lines products for this company (Stadtler 2015). This will help in reducing the overall cost and profit margin of the company increases. The impact in the volatility in the length could be mitigated by manufacturing the products after the evaluation of the needs and demands of the customers and analyzing the market conditions. The cost of transport services used for moving its products from contract manufacturers is mitigated by increasing the volume of distribution centers and from sourcing the local manufacturers rather than making contracts with the outside manufacturers. The elements of the strategic sourcing process which will be the top candidates for Aus Cotton are depicted below Category Selection- It is important that Aus Cotton need to define and identify the sizes and the current quantities used as this is linked with the supply side. Supply Market Evaluation- It is useful for strategic sourcing to be implemented that, there is the analysis of the potential suppliers involved with Aus Cotton in order to compete and develop strategy according to them (Monczka et al. 2015). Selection of Sourcing process- It is essential in the selection of the sourcing process so that the product specifications are cleared for the senior vice president of Aus Cotton. Negotiating with the Manufacturers- The Senior Vice President should be negotiating with the contract manufacturers that they will be reducing the profit margin and be able to deliver different range of products without any delay. Evaluation of the assertion for Aus Cotton The senior Vice President would respond to this fact that ethics in doing business is really essential for the sustainability of the business of Aus Cotton. As the senior vice president of Aus Cotton I would be prioritizing the contract manufacturer who are doing illegal business with us and would not be making them as our partners as legal obligations can hamper the reputation of Aus Cotton in Australia. Conclusion It is concluded that the company Sapphire Energy and Aus Cotton of the Laburnum Group will be able to find out the solutions t the supply chain and procurement issues they have it (Christopher 2016). It is evident that the strategic sourcing approach is taken for Aus Cotton to mitigate the supply chain management issue. Hence, the challenges faced by both Sapphire Energy and Aus Cotton need to evaluate it for the better business in future for them. References Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Jacobs, F.R., Chase, R.B. and Lummus, R.R., 2014.Operations and supply chain management(pp. 533-535). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C. and Lalwani, C.L., 2016.Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Cooper, R., 2017.Supply chain development for the lean enterprise: interorganizational cost management. Routledge. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J. and Seuring, S., 2014. Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), pp.299-312. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Swink, M., Melnyk, S.A., Hartley, J.L. and Cooper, M.B., 2017.Managing operations across the supply chain. McGraw-Hill Education. Presley, A., Meade, L. and Sarkis, J., 2016, July. A strategic sourcing evaluation methodology for reshoring decisions. InSupply Chain Forum: An International Journal(Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 156-169). Taylor Francis. Eltantawy, R., Giunipero, L. and Handfield, R., 2014. Strategic sourcing managements mindset: strategic sourcing orientation and its implications.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,44(10), pp.768-795. Kim, M. and Chai, S., 2017. The impact of supplier innovativeness, information sharing and strategic sourcing on improving supply chain agility: Global supply chain perspective.International Journal of Production Economics,187, pp.42-52. Eltantawy, R., Giunipero, L. and Handfield, R., 2014. Strategic sourcing managements mindset: strategic sourcing orientation and its implications.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,44(10), pp.768-795. Jacobs, F.R., Chase, R.B. and Lummus, R.R., 2014.Operations and supply chain management(pp. 533-535). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Mini Weird Food, Unknown Language, and Unearthly Food free essay sample

Gazing at the unnatural city, I walked through the streets feeling lost and forgotten. There was no one familiar. How others spoke was like trying to understand a newborn baby, impossible. I didn’t know how I was going to survive in this dreadful town. The clothes were shocking and I would never be caught dead walking with the ugly long dresses that every women and girl wore on a daily basis. The food looked like hair that was pulled out of a ten-year-old drain, and I thought, why would someone want to eat this food? I had the worst perspective on the town and didn’t even take a second to respect what they do in their culture and city. I know that this sounds like something that is normal to us, but just wearing shorts and a t-shirt made you feel like you were showing everything compared to the citizens of Qatar. We will write a custom essay sample on Mini Weird Food, Unknown Language, and Unearthly Food? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I only thought about America and what I thought was the only way to live. I insisted that my family needed to give up trying to figure out this town and the people in it. No one was respecting us and no one could understand what we were trying to tell them. We hopped into our white Range Rover like we owned the city and sped down the road like we didn’t even see any other object. We drove passed hundreds of old, crummy, and vile houses that I was praying to God weren’t like ours. I was acting so spoiled, rude, and judgmental, I had no honor for what their style was and thought the only way to live and design was like it was in America, the people had no life’s, the town was like the ghetto of the world, and they seemed to all own camels, I rudely thought to my selfish self. As we slowly drove up to our gorgeous new shiny as glass house, I couldn’t believe that I thought my parents would even think about buying any other house. The house was shinning in the path of the sun, bricks smooth as peanut butter, and prettier than a newly bloomed flower in the sunset of the sky. We were going to have to go to school and that day was tomorrow. It was Sunday night; Monday was going to be the ultimate first day of elementary school, in Qatar. The last thing that I wanted to do was go meet strange kids who are going to try to talk to me with their long white dresses and covers on their face. I couldn’t understand them; they acted like I didn’t fit in. The outside world was like an unreliable setting where you couldn’t talk, look, or even ask anyone anything; to me it was like they didn’t even want you to be there and they seemed very racist towards American. When they saw that you were from America it was all downhill from there, they would be rude, snotty, and unfriendly towards you. When you are in a foreign country, you don’t know their rules, you can’t just decide to do something that you think might be right. The traditions that each country follows are what make us all different. They are not all the same as Amer ica and that is something that you need to be very careful respectful of. It was so different moving from my old rustic town of Albuquerque, to the up-town, high business town of Doha. They were two totally opposite countries and they were both my homes. They don’t seem to have anything in common, it was not that Qatar was a bad or not normal town they just seemed to do things differently. Moving out of America really opened my eyes to the world around me. Each person has a different perspective and has different beliefs. The longer I lived in Qatar, I realized that while living through all the different cultures, traditions, and styles that when people have their own way of living. It may not be the way that you think, they just are brought up and taught the way the family and city is normally. In Qatar, I was always convinced that just because the sales people, waiters, and mangers in the cities stores and restaurants were rude to me, but really I just had my set to that. I never even tried to think about them positively. Living through all the changes and different atmosphere really changed my perspective on the world around us. Not only does each country have different traditions and ways of life, but also we need to respect how they live. Just because we may not think this is they way people live,but they know how they want to walk the earth and it is not our job to tell them how to. Honor, character, and fairness are needed when you are representing your country to the world around you. There is no need to judge the people that are not like you because when you don’t give them a chance you may not be really finding out who they are.

Brian Friels Translations Essay Example

Brian Friels Translations Essay Example Brian Friels Translations Paper Brian Friels Translations Paper Characters and their relations are effectivelly established in different ways by Brian Friel in his play Translations. Friel uses the relations of characters to emphasise certain characteristics. By being subjected to the interpretation of a character through the opinions of other characters allows the reader to form a judgement of the character. Friel uses stage directions to build-up a character. Once the character is present on stage, if the character lives up to the characteristics mentioned in the stage directions the reader or audience can easily focus on these flaws or assets and therefore get a better understanding of the character. Manus is one of the first characters that is introduced in Act one. He is described to be in his late/early thirties, shabbily dressed aswell as, pale-faced, lightly built This description shows Manus to be a weak and feeble figure and this physial description suits his character well as when reading Act one, one learns that he is a very lame character who is easily manipulated by his father. Manus weakness is shown through his relations with three characters, his father Hugh, Maire and his brother Manus. Although Hugh is an extremely able man, Manus accepts being ordered out by his father as though he were his servent. An example of this is, almost immediately after Hugh makes his first appearance in Translations, he requests for Manus to bring him tea and soda bread. Hugh shows no sign of gratification for Manus duties and the tone in which he speaks to Manus is patronising. His lame personality is also shown in his relationship with Maire. One of Maires stage directions is, Again Maire ignores Manus This stage direction sums up Maire and Manus relationship. It is made clear to the audience or reader that Maire and Manus have fallen out and instead of acknowledging that Maire wants nothing to do with him and moving on with his life, Manus desperately chases after her in hope of winning her back. His reluctance to move on shows how weak he is. Manus and his brother Owen, obviously do not have a close bond. This is apparent when Owen returns from living in the city for six years and Manus returns Owens warm greeting by saying, Youre welcome, Owen From this cold greeting one can assume that Manus is not pleased to see Owen yet he does not show his true feelings for his brother and remains civil. Manus tendency to avoid conflict is also shown when Owen translates Lanceys speech and although Manus knows Owen has lead the community into false apphrensions, he bites his tongue and tells none of them. Although Manus is a lame character, he has a lot of depth to him and this is seen through his teachings. When his father is out drinking, Manus takes on his fathers role and teaches the hedge-school students. His passion in teaching Sarah how to speak and the way in which he treats everyone in the classroom equally, ignoring his superior position, shows how his weak side can also be seen as an asset as he is always trying to avoid hurting and condemming people and tries to help people to his fullest extent and be curtious and civil. Manus father, Hugh is a lot less considerate of others feelings. His teaching methods include humiliating students and not giving them a chance to proove themselves. Brian Friel establishes Hughs character in Act one by building his character up through the other characters impersinations of him. In a heated discussion on Hugh, Doalty pretends he is Hugh in an extremely mocking manner. Ignari, stulti, rustici pot-boys and peasant whelps semi-literates and illegitimates Doaltys immitation of Hugh shows that Hugh looks down on his students and feels that his age and position as a teacher renders him to act superior to those around him. Doalty continues to mock Hugh by saying, Three questions. Question A Am i drunk? Question B Am I sobre? From this comment, the audience learn that Hugh is often drunk. Due to the English take over, the constant fear of potato blight and the poverty that Irish people such as Hugh had to live in, it was not unusual for the Irish to want to find an escape from reality; Hughs escape is to drink. Doalty never gets to the third question but the audience learn that he does this intentionally as Hugh can never get to his third point. This implies that Hugh can never get to where he wants to be in life. This inference makes perfect sense when Hughs Latin is takin into consideration. Hugh constantly bomards his students with the Latin language and seems to speak more Latin than Irish. He always refuses to teach his students languages such as English, as he says that English is for the purpose of commerce This suggests that Hugh is relucatant to move on with the times and is stuck in the past, holding on to dying languages instead of moving on with languages that will keep him alive. Hughs loyalty to the old languages is not shared by his son Owen, who comes back to Baile Beag to help the English translate Irish place names. None-the-less, Hugh adores his youngest son and when Owen returns, Hughs eyes are moist partly with joy, partly the drink Hugh does not show any true respect to any other characters in the play except Owen. Owens presence overwhelms Hugh, who is usually a very cold character. This suggests that Owen makes his father proud, unlike his brother Manus. Hugh has good reason to be proud of his son, as Owen moved out of the dying town of Baile Beag and became a successful buisnessman owning nine shops. It is also clear that Owen is probably the most loved character in Baile Beag, as practically the whole community get on well with Owen and are glad that he has returned home. Owens reason for returning home, is to help the English translate Irish place names in to the English language. Many Irishmen would not have considered helping the English let alone work along side them. This shows Owen to be an open-minded character who does not give in to the prejudice attitudes of most of his people. Owen even calls the two English soldiers that he works with ,

Richard Arkwright and the Water Frames Impact

Richard Arkwright and the Water Frame's Impact Richard Arkwright became one of the pivotal  figures in the Industrial Revolution when he  invented the spinning frame, later called the water frame, an invention for mechanically spinning thread. Early Life Richard Arkwright was born in Lancashire, England in 1732, the youngest of 13 children. He apprenticed with a barber and wigmaker. The apprenticeship led to his first career as a wigmaker, during which he collected hair to make wigs and developed a technique for dyeing the hair to make different-colored wigs.   The Spinning Frame In 1769 Arkwright patented the invention that made him rich, and his country an economic powerhouse: The spinning frame. The spinning frame was a device that could produce stronger threads for yarns. The first models were powered by waterwheels so the device came to be known as the water frame. It was the first powered, automatic, and continuous textile machine and enabled the move away from small home manufacturing towards factory production, kickstarting the Industrial Revolution. Arkwright built his first textile mill in Cromford, England in 1774. Richard Arkwright was a financial success, though he later lost his patent rights for the spinning frame, opening the door for a proliferation of textile mills. Arkwright died a rich man in 1792. Samuel Slater Samuel Slater (1768-1835)  became another key figure in the Industrial Revolution when he exported Arkwrights textile innovations to the Americas. On December 20, 1790, water-powered machinery for spinning and carding cotton was set in motion in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Based on the designs of English inventor Richard Arkwright, a mill was built by Samuel Slater on the Blackstone River. The Slater mill was the first American factory to successfully produce cotton yarn with water-powered machines. Slater was a recent English immigrant who apprenticed Arkwrights partner, Jebediah Strutt. Samuel Slater had evaded British law against emigration of textile workers in order to seek his fortune in America. Considered the father of the United States textile industry, he eventually built several successful cotton mills in New England and established the town of Slatersville, Rhode Island.

Four Phases and Rhetorical Purposes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Four Phases and Rhetorical Purposes - Essay Example Phase 2 ads (Argument Spots) exhibit what the candidate stands for, his causes, ideas and concerns. Phase 3 ads (Attack Spots) are direct and personal attacks aimed to lessen the credibility of the opponent. Phase 4 ads (Visionary Spots) are used to draw the campaign to a close by providing a reflective, thoughtful or dignified view of the candidate—leaving the impression that he has the qualities of a leader and has the vision to move the country, state or city to progress. Trent and Friedenberg also identified three rhetorical purposes of political advertisements: (a) to extol the candidate’s virtues; (b) to condemn, attack or question the opponent; (c) to respond to an opponent’s attacks. This paper shall elaborate on the four stages of political advertisements by citing examples of television commercials, one for each stage and draw out the rhetorical purpose used by each ad. Barack Obama ran for presidency in 2008 under the Democratic Party with Republican J ohn McCain as his opponent. His â€Å"Country I Love† (2008) ad was a Phase 1 ad. It showed Obama’s early years—that he was raised by a single mom and his grandparents.

Inventions and Discoveries Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inventions and Discoveries - Term Paper Example A brief description of each discovery will be included in this discussion as well as how each discovery has challenged traditions and changed society for the good. Telescope Telescope is a device used to form magnified images of distant objects. Telescope is undoubtedly the most important investigative tool in astronomy. Galileo was the first person who used the telescope to study extraterrestrial bodies (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011). The exact history about the invention of telescope is still unknown and controversial. However, it is believed that the first practical telescope was invented in Netherlands in the 17 th century. Astronomy and astrophysics developed a lot after the discovery of telescope. Heliocentric Model The Heliocentric Model was originally discovered by Nicolas Copernicus in 1543. The model assumed the Sun lies at or near the central point while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010). Copernicus was able to prove that all the planets are revolving around the sun in fixed orbits. He assumed that in the solar system, sun remains as the nucleus and the planets are rotating around the sun. The centripetal force towards the nucleus exerted by the sun was keeping the planets in their orbits. This model was in opposition of Claudius Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model which asserted the Earth was the central point. Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model assumed that Earth was at the nucleus and all the other planets and sun were rotating around the earth. He assumed that we are seeing sun at the east in the morning and at the west in the evening because of the rotation of the sun around earth. With the development of the telescope, Galileo was able to question the above belief and confirmed that Copernicus’ Heliocentric Model was accurate. The discovery that the Earth was not the central point of the universe would prove to be epic and would go on enhance human understanding of nature. The model challenged the Protestant and Catholic positions as well as the geocentric view of the universe. The long-standing societal tradition was that the Holy Bible super ceded all in regard to human discovery. The discovery of the Heliocentric Model certainly challenged this tradition. After all, the word written by God himself was recorded in the Bible, how could God’s word be wrong? The question â€Å"is the Bible is wrong or not† is debatable. It is not necessarily that the Bible was wrong; it is certainly plausible that its contents may have been misinterpreted or taken out of context. Nevertheless, the discovery forced a resistant society to examine how the Bible was interpreted and it also challenged previous assumptions made about the universe up to that point. Earlier, people believed that earth is stationary whereas sun is rotating. However after the discovery of telescope, Galileo assumed that sun remains stationary whereas earth is rotating. In Bible, there is a contradictory s tatement against the above belief. The Israeli leader Joshua once asked the sun to remain stationary in order to defeat the Palestine in an ongoing war. Bible says that because of Joshua’s prayer, the sun remained stationary for 24 hours in order to help Joshua in defeating the Palestine. After Galileo discovered the telescope, the above words of Bible were

Rabindranath Tagore Essay Example for Free

Rabindranath Tagore Essay Rabindranath Tagore] ( 7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev,was a Bengali polymath who reshaped his regions literature and music. Author of Gitanjali and its profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. In translation his poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial; his seemingly mesmeric personality, flowing hair, and other-worldly dress earned him a prophet-like reputation in the West. His elegant prose and magical poetry remain largely unknown outside Bengal. Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West and vice versa, and he is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern India.[5] A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old.[10] At age sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym BhÄ nusiá ¹Æ'ha (Sun Lion), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics. He graduated to his first short stories and dramas—and the aegis of his birth name—by 1877. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and strident anti-nationalist he denounced the Raj and advocated independence from Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy endures also in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University. Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced), and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as national anthems: the Republic of Indias Jana Gana Mana and Bangladeshs Amar Shonar Bangla. The composer of Sri Lankas national anthem: Sri Lanka  Matha was a student of Tagore, and the song is inspired by Tagores style.

Opposites Attract Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

Opposites Attract    Perhaps we all have the same memory of the first boy-girl party we attended. The floors were waxed, the music loud, the air thick with the smell of cologne. The boys stood on one side of the room and the girls on the other, each affecting a nonchalance belied by the shuffling male loafers and the occasional high birdlike sound of a female giggle.    Eventually, one of the taller, better-looking boys, perhaps dogged by two slightly shorter, squeakier acolytes, would make the big move across the chasm to ask the cutest girl to dance. Eventually, one of the girls would brave the divide to start a conversation on the other side. We would immediately develop a certain opinion of that girl, so that for the rest of our school years together, pajama parties would fairly crackle when she was not there.    None of us would consciously know it then, but what we were seeing, that great empty space in the center of the floor as fearful as a trapdoor, was the great division between the sexes. It was wonderful to think of the time when it would no longer be there, when the school gym would be a great meeting ground in which we would mingle freely, girl and boy, boy and girl, person to person, all alike. And maybe that's going to happen sometime in my lifetime, but I can't say I know when.    I've thought about this for some time, because I've written some loving things about men, and some nasty things too, and I meant them all. And I've always been a feminist, and I've been one of the boys as well, and I've given both sides a pretty good shot. I've spent a lot of time telling myself that men and women are fundamentally alike, mainly in the service of arguing that women... ... we still managed to pick partners and dance. It's the dance that's important not the difference (I shouldn't leave out who leads and who follows. But I speak to that from a strange perspective, since any man who has ever danced with me can attest to the fact that I have never learned to follow.)    I have just met the dance downstairs. My elder son has one of his best friends over, and he does not care that she is a girl and she does not care that he is a boy. But she is complaining that he is chasing her with the plastic spider and making her scream and he is grinning maniacally because that is just exactly the response he is looking for, and they are both having a great time. Two children raised in egalitarian households in the 1980s. Between them the floor already stretches, an ocean to cross before they can dance uneasily in one another's arms.

Success of Carrefour

1. Introduction As the world leader in retail industry, the Carrefour Group, through over fifty years of dedicated efforts, is now the largest retailer in Europe and second largest in World. Since established, through a process of merge and acquisition, Carrefour has already expanded its market to different retail scales around the global, which includes hypermarket, supermarket, cash&carry and convenience stores. According to the financial report of Carrefour group, by the end of 2012, it had already generated 101. 3 million Euro of sales under banners.Moreover, it opened 9,994 stores from different scales in 33 countries globally. Therefore, it is not surprise to find it has over 100 million customers world widely. Carrefour has its clear mission adapting different cultures, which includes to promote quality for everyone and ensure the safety of its products, meet all the expectations of customers and to provide customers with freedom to choose with specific ranges of Carrefour pro ducts. On the way to accomplish their mission, marketing strategy are implemented orderly by Carrefour group.As Cambra-Fierro and Ruiz-Benitez (2011) illustrate in their research, the basic strategy of Carrefour is making this brand globalized, through establishing as its main axes on the client and a full local adaptation and integration. No matter where Carrefour expands to, the commitment to local economic environment is an unchangeable strategy for Carrefour. Carrefour is also famous for training local staff and manager which can adapt to native environment more quickly. According to the key figures of Carrefour, it now has 360,000 employers world widely, and these employers are naturally sensitive to local consumer behavior.It is evident that Carrefour obtain a huge success in China since it was embrace by As statistics shown in Chuang ,Wei, Donegan, & Ganon’s report(2011), by 2009, Carrefour ranked 7th among all chain stores in China with CNY? 36,600m in sales. When peo ple are applauding for Carrefour’s victory, the whole retail industry is wondering the reason behind its success. Therefore, this proposal is aiming at illustrating a framework with the case of Carrefour, investigate the reasons contributed to its huge success, and detect whether this model is applicable to the whole industry and make the whole retail sector better off. . Brief History of Carrefour The Carrefour Company was created by the Fournier and Defforey families in 1959. In 1960, the first Carrefour supermarket was opened in Annecy, a city in eastern France that had become increasingly industrialized since World War II. From this first outlet, Carrefour changed itself into a worldwide entity with more than 15,600 stores spanning 34 countries around the globe. Between 1961 and 1962, business at Carrefour increased 45 percent and salaries increased as well. In 1963, Carrefour created a new shop concept known as the hypermarket.In 1970,Carrefour went public and Carrefour shares were listed on the Paris stock exchange. In 1976, Carrefour introduced its own production under no label. They assured that â€Å"Just high quality product for low price†. Between 1978 and 1982, the greatest number of new Carrefour stores was established outside of France, especially in Latin countries. Profits proved high at its stores in Brazil, Argentina, and Spain. In the 1990s, expansion in Central and South America was extremely strong. Carrefour moved into Mexico in 1993 and opened the first chain hypermarket.By 1997, Carrefour operated about 60 stores in South America and was generating $7 billion in sales in Brazil and Argentina. In 2000, Carrefour merged with Promodes SA to become the largest European food retailing group (second largest worldwide). Carrefour also became Europe's leading operator of supermarkets, convenience stores, discount stores, cash-and-carry outlets, and hypermarkets. With more than 8,800 stores in 26 countries and revenues of nearly $6 5 billion, Carrefour entered the new century on solid foundation. While management worked on the merger integration process, the company remained focused on growth.At the same year, it formed Global Net Exchange, an online supply house, with Sears and Oracle. Between 2001 to 2007,Carrefour continued the acquisition of hypermarkets in different countries and experienced continuous growth in all markets. In 2007,a New Era began in Carrefour history. A new home furnishing and decorations line was introduced at Carrefour and Carrefour became the sole distributor of Dell products in Europe. 3. MISSION As Europe’s leading mass retailer, and number two in the world, the Group comes into contact with thousands of suppliers and millions of customers very year, enabling it to promote responsible, quality consumption at low prices through the Carrefour product range. 3. 1 Promote quality for everybody and ensure the safety of our products. Carrefour has adopted an approach through the c reation of its private labels which are now commercialized in the majority of the countries in which this firm is present to ensure the safety of their products. The approach is based on the implementation of private standards defined and owned by individual retailers.These private standards prompted the retailers to establish relatively formalized contractual relationships with producer organizations, and to decrease the utilization of spot markets. As a result, the creation of vertical alliances between producers, manufacturers and retailers has proven to be an important mechanism in the regulation of agricultural product food chains. This action is intended to structure the supply chain by obliging suppliers to meet production requirements related to safety, quality and environmental levels, which are more demanding than public regulations. . 2 Meet all the expectations of our customers and consumers. 3. 2. 1 Accessibility The group operates 9,771 stores (both company-operated or franchises) through four main grocery store formats: hypermarkets, supermarkets, cash ; carry, and convenience stores. Carrefour also sells food and non-food products through the e-commerce channel. In FY2011, the group strengthened its food e-commerce solutions in a number of countries. For instance, all stores of the group across Spain deliver the items ordered through internet to customer homes.Carrefour Brazil’s non-food e-commerce site which was launched in 2010 is presently ranked among the country’s top six commercial websites. In FY2011, Carrefour France also launched a wide range of non-food products online, including household appliances, television, video, telephony and other high-tech products. In Greece too, the group has provided its customers a facility to purchase groceries and household appliances online. 3. 2. 2 Price Carrefour's mid-range brand offers merchandise at price range which is 15%–30% lower than national brands. 3. 3 Provide custome rs with freedom to hoose with specific ranges of Carrefour products. Carrefour has more than 30 years of unparalleled experience in retailing private label products. The group makes use of an in-depth analysis of the purchasing habits and expectations of its customers in order to create its private label offerings. The Carrefour Discount brand carries discount products, consisting of 500 basic everyday products (including grocery, fresh and frozen products as well as non-food goods) at a low price range. The group also offers product ranges focused on more specific customer requirements.The Carrefour Selection brand is positioned in the premium segment and the Carrefour Kids brand in the children's segment. Carrefour also offers authentic products from its regional brands ‘Reflets de France’ and ‘Terre d'Italia’ which include traditional Italian products. It also offers organic and environmentally responsible brands such as Carrefour ECOplanet in Italy, and Carrefour Ecobio in Spain. The group has established itself as a major retail player in organic farming products with an offering of nearly 2,300 food products throughout the world. 4. Carrefour—marketing strategy in chinaOwing to the maturity of the European market Carrefour and unfulfilled foreign investment in other continents, Carrefour needed to seek for new markets, and one of the most important one is Asia, especially China- a market with huge potential. Therefore, in 1995, the Carrefour began it and, soon, it generate a huge success in China soon after its establishment domestically in China. Decentralized management is the biggest reason for Carrefour’s success in Chinese market. Carrefour has divided its Chinese market into four big regions ehich are east, south, north and middle China.Considering of the legal issue and culture obstacles, the company chose the local partners, and even different partners in different regions, such as choosing partners in Beij ing and Guangzhou represent north and south agency respectively. Carrefour has a clearly marketing plan in China by knowing well about Chinese national condition. Carrefour learned about Chinese market and found the preferences is even different in Chinese market according to different areas, such as Tsingtao beer is so famous in Tsingtao but in Beijing almost everyone drinks beer from Beijing.Therefore Carrefour also needed to further adapt to local tastes and preferences in that area. EXAMPLE From the market in Taipei, it learned how Chinese people sold the fish. Carrefour hence adopted two strategies; selling fish alive and selling frozen fish. For those people live in coastal city, they prefer alive fish which right out of the fish tanks, while people live in west and middle, where is further away from coastal, prefer to buy frozen fish which can keep fish fresh. After Carrefour adapted to this concept it saw fish sales go up 30-40%.Furthermore, Carrefour adapted to the local co nsumer and their shopping behaviors while merge the foreign culture into its culture style. The Chinese consumer likes to compare different brands, so Carrefour had distributed larger shelves in order to place all the different brands in one area so that the consumers feel more satisfied during choosing what they want to buy. Additionally, Carrefour introduced new products to China such as wine which was not regularly being consumed by the Chinese population, which changed Chinese consumers’ perception to some extent.Carrefour did this by holding wine fairs and introducing to the Chinese how to drink the wine and what kinds of food it goes with. Since the taxes on wine imports were lowered, Carrefour was able to provide its Chinese consumers with cheap imported wines such as French wine. So more and more Chinese get use to the culture of wine. Through all these adaptations to local taste or by using its knowledge from Taiwan, Carrefour was able to successfully enter the Chine se market. Carrefour China is one of the biggest markets for Carrefour and as of December 31st 2009 China’s Net Sales were 3,473 billion Euros which showed a growth of 4. % from the previous year. Carrefour’s main competitor in China is Wal-Mart which has more bargaining power than Carrefour because of its big size. It was a successful idea when Carrefour introduced the fresh bakery concept in its stores. Unfortunately, Carrefour failed to include the Chinese deserts in its bakery section which its competitors did not. In order to stay competitive, Carrefour updates its strategy every three years since China is a market that is changing quickly.Carrefour invests a lot of money into Human Resources in order to train employees just in order to stay competitive with those large retailers. The company also deals with retention differently than in Europe. For example, it invests a lot of money in its training and the employees need to sign a three to five year contract. If the employee wants to change to the competition he/she has to pay back the money for the training which is a lot. If employees stay with the company for five years they receive a big bonus. All these strategies turn to keep labor turnover very low.Carrefour once faced a very difficult position. In April 2008, the Olympic torch relay was interrupted by Tibetan independence advocates in Paris where the protesters tried to get a hold of the torch from a wheelchair bound Chinese representative. Because of this, some Chinese activists have tried to boycott Carrefour stores because of its French roots. To manage its bad image, Carrefour has taken multiple actions. First, to make better relations with its suppliers, Carrefour started financing programs for smaller suppliers allowing them to apply for loans with Deutsch Bank.The company has also created a mailbox and hotline for suppliers to report any corruption and has personal investigators to go after such malpractices. In order to seek better relations with its employees, Carrefour has increased its communication with its employees and settled the disputes regarding overtime. Carrefour has also increased its fulltime employees’ salaries by 8% and put in place a minimum wage that is 5% higher than the local minimum wage. To eliminate its price differences Carrefour also promised to have regular internal price inspections.Carrefour was ordered to correct its illegal prices and refund its overcharged customers. Carrefour China said that it would refund all of its customers who were charged more than the retail price. 5. Conclusion Evaluation/recommendation Now we can draw a conclusion that the main reason of Carrefour’s success in China should owe to its sparing no effort to localization. It manifests that Carrefour try their best to follow the motto: â€Å"when in Rome, do as the Romans do† to grasp the Chinese customers’ needs accurately and then maximize their profits.Why the Carrefour ’s localization is firmly believed to be successful, here we can compared with another famous foreign retailer company Wal-Mart’s strategies in China. Firstly, let’s look at marketing strategies. Carrefour took the striving to develop in opening more stores as its primary target. In order to be faster than its competitors, Carrefour broke the routine procedure of opening stores instead of making the stores blooming everywhere. Now Carrefour has inished its strategic layout in the coastal cities and economic center cities of China on the whole that is faster than Wal-Mart for about two or three years, which helped Carrefour to save the time to adjust its management system. However, Wal-Mart chose to copy its suburbanization strategies totally in China from America. But it ignored the situation of Chinese that not every family can own a car. In addition, compare to Carrefour’s â€Å"crazy† expansion strategy, Wal-Mart performed a cautious and conserv ative attitude that it insists keep a foothold in Shenzhen but paced up and down at the southern part of China’s market.So it missed the right timing to expand to the whole China’s market. The table below shows that the comparison between Carrefour and Wal-Mart. Due to the present situation, we can learn from that the number of stores can directly affect its velocity and time of making profit for foreign retailors in China. Besides, consistent with local circumstances is vital factor. Secondly, let’s look at localization in products. Carrefour attach great importance on choosing local products, and in Carrefour, half of manufactured food in the store accommodates local people’s tastes.Not only that, Carrefour highlights all the local products in order to convenient to customers. Besides, Carrefour also purchases goods from farmers directly, which not only increases farmer’s salaries but also allows Carrefour to keep good quality with low price. Fro m its behaviors we can learn that provide convenience to customers and meet customers’ needs well are good ways to attract customers and improve the customer loyalty. Thirdly, lets’ look at the localization in culture. Carrefour as a French company did a better job on human-based management. We can see it from its Chinese name â€Å" , which is very nice and localized. In addition, its slogan is happy at home and happy at Carrefour which also in keeping with culture value of its Chinese name. However, Wal-Mart is a little defective in this part. It is worth mentioning that every time Carrefour opened a new store, started new slogan, or other events, the Chinese media always give it enough focus and reports them on the internet, although there has also been negative news, it might reveal that Carrefour is good at attracting not only journalists’ attention but also that of local government.Comparing to Carrefour, Wal-Mart seems to be more low-pitched that it is c autious to every action and looks like a merit student in China. This is right but is such an ideologism which is not to the benefit of advertisement to its potential customers. To sum up, Carrefour indeed provides certain valuable experiences to its competitors and it is worth to learn from such an outstanding company. References Presentation of Carefour. (2013). Retrived April 8, 2013 form http://www. carrefour. om/content/presentation-group Cambra-Fierro, J. , & Ruiz-Benitez, R. (2011). Notions for the successful management of the supply chain: Learning with carrefour in spain and carrefour in china. Supply Chain Management,  16(2), 148-154. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/13598541111115392 Ming-Ling Chuang, James J. Donegan, Michele W. Ganon, Kan Wei, (2011) â€Å"Walmart and Carrefour experiences in China: resolving the structural paradox†, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 18 Iss: 4, pp. 43 – 463 Zoe, Z. Y. (2012). Management strategie s of Carrefour and Ito-yokado in china: A comparative study. International Journal of Business Anthropology, 3(1), 134-157. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/1018555862? accountid=38789 Carrefour S. A. SWOT Analysis. (2013). Carrefour SA SWOT Analysis, 1-11. Article < > from http://wenku. baidu. com/view/c5d3b2c9da38376baf1faebc. html Table data from website: www. carrefour. com and www. walmart. com and www. auchan. com

Examining the Songs of Slavery In America Essay

For some reason, the last song you hear on the radio always sticks in your head. Later in the day, you catch yourself singing it†¦and you realize that it’s not even a song that you like! Fortunately for you, and unfortunately for all those around you, we can sing that song, no matter who, including yourself, cares to listen to it. No one is going to punish you for the quirkiness that goes with having the guts to actually sing a song that the guy in the cubicle next to yours just busted up the radio for playing. Music is part of our everyday lives. It is something that most of us have never lived without. Something in a song empowers us, saddens us, angers us, and makes us fall in love. So many of us can link a special memory to a song†¦and that 4-minute composition of words written by someone whom you’ve never even, met can take you back to â€Å"that place†, if for only a moment, and make you feel â€Å"that way† again. Songs are a way of life for most of us, and they have been for many years. Today, we listen to songs freely. History, however, reveals that many of us were not born with the same freedom. Can you imagine being punished for enjoying music? For history’s slave community, singing, humming, or listening to music was prohibited (Lang, p. 13). To slave owners, the practice of music portrayed a relaxed state for the slave. Most felt that carrying on with such â€Å"nonsense† would interfere with the slave’s focus, resulting in poor performance. The opposite, however, was the outcome. When they were allowed to sing, the slave found joy in the day Crane/Fleming 2 (Watts, p. 1). Singing was an outlet†¦a way to say how they felt about their owners, the job being done, family, God, and about dreams for themselves. Originating during the Civil War slave days, singing soon caught on all over the South and beyond. It served both hidden and obvious purpose. Not only could a slave could sing a song, and feel relaxed performing assigned duties, a slave could also â€Å"chant† a song to communicate messages to fellow slaves. So much mystery lies behind this aged practice, and uncovering the mystery will leave you appreciating the creativity utilized, whether you are of slave ancestry or not. If you have ever been to a traditional, majority Black church, you would walk out feeling energized. The energy exercised to convey God’s word is pretty unmatched by churches of other ethnicities. It’s as if the Black community has been doing this for years†¦and they have been. In early slave days, slaves were not allowed to read scriptures. Instead, they learned of God through â€Å"white folks’† church (Brown, p. 1). It was at these meetings that they listened to hymns, heard a few bible scriptures, and were told â€Å"mind† their masters. Soon, the slaves took it upon themselves to meet privately and discuss God and what he had planned for them. After the meetings, several would stay behind and â€Å"ring shout†, or chant songs about God and His plan for them. Foot tapping and hand clapping were accompanied by paced singing, and as the song continued, the pace would increase (Watt, p. 1). Men and women slaves became so involved in the chanting that they would collapse in emotion to the ground. Ministers were disturbed by this unusual behavior and soon banned the practice of ring shouts. It was at these early gatherings when the historical slave songs evolved. The very nature in which they are practiced lead back to the days of ring shouts. Soon, the topics of the shouts veered from being only about God, and began to include chants of hopes, prayers, and displays of confidence. Crane/Fleming 3 In the movie, Glory (Zwick, 1989) the men of the â€Å"Fifty-fourth† prepare to fight by performing a ring shout to bear hopes of success against the men they will soon face. These black men, formerly slaves, start slow and humble, and soon roar to a fast paced shout of faith in God, love of family, and belief in each other. Hands clap and legs are slapped for rhythm. This scene in the movie portrays the sole possession these men have to hold on to: each other. With a bit of encouraging, one soldier is assisted by another to not just â€Å"say† his hopes for the battle’s outcome, but to â€Å"demand† them with confidence that his prayers will be answered. Although Hollywood glamorized this scene with embellishments such as a pre-determined beat and a chorus, this type of shouting is how it all began. Knowing how it all began leaves us with the need to know â€Å"why† it all began. Why did â€Å"slave songs† (Ware, Allen, and Garrison, p. I) become such a big part of history? No other group in history utilized song the way that history’s slave did. Not only did singing pass the day, but singing helped the slave to identify with themselves. Bringing God into the lyrics, they created biblical images (Silverman, p. 79) of who they compared themselves to during biblical times. Many compared themselves to Moses, and sang of leading all slaves to freedom, just as Moses led the Israelites from Pharaoh’s captivity. This gave the slaves hope. Soon, this boost of hope led to singing songs about what it would be like when they were free. In Slavery Chain Done Broke at Last (Silverman, p. 83), the slave sings of how freedom is abound. He is sure to thank God, and vows to continue telling God his problems, in hopes of receiving more help when needed. In other songs, such as Oh, Freedom, (Ware, Allen and Garrison, p. 33), slaves give thanks at the end of a long and dangerous journey to freedom. On the other side of serious purpose, slave songs were not always sung just to say â€Å"thanks†. They were also sung as a way to Crane/Fleming 4 entertain, just as today’s music does for us. A good example of this is Now Let Me Fly (Brown, p. 1), where slaves sing of African people who could fly. Songs like these were loved by children, as their imaginations soared with images of flying people. But along with singing about being thankful and creating silly images for children, these songs served another purpose†¦perhaps the most important purpose of all: they served as a form of communication among the slaves (Johnson and Johnson, p. 18). Slaves lived a hard life. Along with being â€Å"owned† by another human being, the slave’s owner employed harsh rules for the slave to live by. One of these rules was that they were owned property, and could not leave on their own accord to be a free person (Watts, p. 1). Discussions of being free were punishable by whipping, beating and starving the slave. The slave was forced to create a way to communicate ploys to escape, warnings of a master’s mood, new slaves joining the old slaves, and many other issues in code. The slave song was the perfect way to convey messages without being discovered. Many of the slave’s work songs were composed out of sheer desperation to warn others of trouble ahead, or to keep an escape attempt from getting botched. Let Us Break Bread Together (Allen, Ware, and Garrison, p. 34) allowed fellow slaves to know about meetings to be held in the early morning hours (before sunrise) to discuss concerns, share prayers, and plan an escape. These meetings were held far earlier than the master’s waking hours. Plans were made, escape routes were decided, and updates on other slave’s escape attempts were provided. Later in the day, in the fields, around the house, or where ever else work was to be done, the slaves sang their songs, inconspicuously passing messages to one another. Other songs, such as No More Auction Block for Me (Johnson and Johnson, p. 20) conveyed a message of weariness of a slave’s hope. This song was often sung under one’s breath, during or Crane/Fleming 5 almost immediately after being beaten. One slave could often recognize the beaten slave’s mouth movements, and gather the support of fellow slaves to encourage new hope if the beating was survived. Happy, sad, useful, or light-hearted, the hidden messages of these songs were understood among all those who sang or listened to them. Although creative in nature, and almost ingenious in creation, these songs were recorded in words for us to read today in the exact format in which they were written. It is interesting to read some of the lyrics of these songs, spelling included, particularly because these songs were written down exactly the way they were spoken. The spoken English of some slaves could be somewhat choppy, and sometimes difficult to understand. Though the message is clear, songs such as Hear from Heaven Today (Allen, Ware and Garrison, p. 2) display a perfect example of how the words of the song were to be pronounced: â€Å"†¦a baby born in Bethlehem, and I yearde De trumpet sourd in the oder bright land My name is called and I mus go De bell is a-ringin’ in de oder bright world My brudder, my brudder Joseph and sista Mary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  -Anonymous Though some are difficult to read, the authenticity of unedited lyrics links us to a part of history not to be misunderstood. While the level of education is evident, what can be proven is that slaves were absolutely not ignorant people. Sometimes the subject matter of a song is simple. An example of this can be found in Git De Chores Done (Brown, p. 1). The slave sings, â€Å"Did you feed my cow? † â€Å"Yes, Maam. † â€Å"Will you tell-a me how? † â€Å"Yes, Maam. † â€Å"Oh, what did you give her? † â€Å"Cawn and hay. † â€Å"Oh, what did you give her? † â€Å"Cawn and hay. † -Anonymous Crane/Fleming 6 The slave was encouraged by something as simple as a brief conversation between him and the slave’s owner to create a song that added motivation to the day’s duty. On the other side of the â€Å"work song† (Watt, p. 1) is a song far more complex. Codes were often sent through songs. In Get Dem Chilen Home (Brown, p. 1), the slave sings of certain obstacles to look out for: â€Å"†¦Take careful when you turn dat co’ner. He waitin’ fo you, waitin’ fo you, always watchin’. Get Dem Chilen Home by way of dem hills, But take careful when you turn dat co’ner. -Stephen Foster In history, no other group of people made full use of song the way the slaves did (Watt, p. 1). Not only did they sing about what they did, they saved lives and led each other to freedom. Their songs changed what we know about history in a colorful way. Love it or not, music and song are here to stay. We have the great fortune to do with it what we will. Some will choose to listen, and others will choose to write. We may never again do with song what the slaves did with it, and that’s o. k. But who knows†¦maybe one day our children’s children will be writing a paper on what people of our time did to change music and song forever.

Free Essays on Final Anthropology Essay

Anthropology Final Exam Essay One This course has provided interesting field studies of cultures that are drastically different than what I would consider â€Å"everyday life.† Anthropology examines not only who we are as a people, but also, importantly, who we were as a people. The studies of past cultures is a good place to start to answer questions about societies and cultures today, and to bridge together the gap between the past and present, and maybe even predict where we are headed in the future. Anthropology spans millions of generations, examining the physical and cultural characteristics of humankind. Often the artifacts recovered from a past civilization can tell us a great deal about how those people lived, their level of technology, their patterns of subsistance, and so on. Anthropology uses methods and tools from multiple scientific disciplines, such as the scientific method which allows the testing of falsifiable hypotheses. This approach seems to be a strong ba sis for many of the different areas of anthropology, namely archeology, ethnology, and linguistics. I had thought that male dominance and superiority (â€Å"man the hunter† model) was a highly conserved cultural characteristic in past societies, and even in many â€Å"less developed† areas of the world today. I was surprised by the case studies of the !Kung San (traditional foraging society, not sedentary), in which females were just as important as males in their culture. !Kung women controlled the food that they gathered, as well as any meat that was obtained through use of an arrow crafted by them. In a food foraging society, controlling the distribution of food is a definite sign of power. Digs have uncovered many clues about the origin of man, and how we can more accurately trace our lineage back to a common ancestor. I was unaware of the Austrolopithicus species, and thought that Lucy belonged to Homo. It is interesting to examine how the mechanisms of evolution. .. Free Essays on Final Anthropology Essay Free Essays on Final Anthropology Essay Anthropology Final Exam Essay One This course has provided interesting field studies of cultures that are drastically different than what I would consider â€Å"everyday life.† Anthropology examines not only who we are as a people, but also, importantly, who we were as a people. The studies of past cultures is a good place to start to answer questions about societies and cultures today, and to bridge together the gap between the past and present, and maybe even predict where we are headed in the future. Anthropology spans millions of generations, examining the physical and cultural characteristics of humankind. Often the artifacts recovered from a past civilization can tell us a great deal about how those people lived, their level of technology, their patterns of subsistance, and so on. Anthropology uses methods and tools from multiple scientific disciplines, such as the scientific method which allows the testing of falsifiable hypotheses. This approach seems to be a strong ba sis for many of the different areas of anthropology, namely archeology, ethnology, and linguistics. I had thought that male dominance and superiority (â€Å"man the hunter† model) was a highly conserved cultural characteristic in past societies, and even in many â€Å"less developed† areas of the world today. I was surprised by the case studies of the !Kung San (traditional foraging society, not sedentary), in which females were just as important as males in their culture. !Kung women controlled the food that they gathered, as well as any meat that was obtained through use of an arrow crafted by them. In a food foraging society, controlling the distribution of food is a definite sign of power. Digs have uncovered many clues about the origin of man, and how we can more accurately trace our lineage back to a common ancestor. I was unaware of the Austrolopithicus species, and thought that Lucy belonged to Homo. It is interesting to examine how the mechanisms of evolution. ..

How to Substitute for Baking Powder and Baking Soda

How to Substitute for Baking Powder and Baking Soda Baking powder and baking soda both are leavening agents, which means they help baked goods to rise. They arent the same chemical, but you can substitute one for another in recipes. Heres how to work the substitutions and what to expect: Substitute for Baking Soda:Using Baking Powder Instead of Baking Soda You need to use two to three times more baking powder than baking soda. The extra ingredients in baking powder will affect the taste of whatever you are making, but this isnt necessarily bad. Ideally, triple the amount of baking powder to equal the amount of baking soda. So, if the recipe calls for 1 tsp. of baking soda, you would use 3 tsp. of baking powder.Another option is to compromise  and use twice the amount of baking powder as baking soda (add 2 tsp. of baking powder if the recipe calls for 1 tsp. of baking soda). If you choose this option, you might wish to omit or reduce the amount of salt in the recipe. Salt adds flavor but it also affects rising in some recipes. Substitute for Baking Powder: How to Make It Yourself You need baking soda and cream of tartar to make homemade baking powder. Mix 2 parts cream of tartar with 1 part baking soda. For example, mix 2 tsp of cream of tartar with 1 tsp of baking soda.Use the amount of homemade baking powder called for by the recipe. No matter how much homemade baking powder you made, if the recipe calls for 1 1/2 tsp., add exactly 1 1/2 tsp. of your mixture. If you have leftover homemade baking powder, you can store it in a labeled, zipper-type plastic bag to use later. Cream of tartar is used to increase the acidity of a mixture. So you cant always use baking soda in recipes that call for baking powder. Both are leavening agents, but baking soda needs an acidic ingredient to trigger the leavening, while baking powder already contains an acidic ingredient: cream of tartar. You can switch baking powder for baking soda, but expect the flavor to change a little. You might wish to make and use homemade baking powder even if you can purchase commercial baking powder. This gives you complete control over the ingredients. Commercial baking powder contains baking soda and, usually, 5 to 12 percent monocalcium phosphate along with 21 to 26 percent sodium aluminum sulfate. People wishing to limit aluminum exposure might do better with the homemade version. Do Baking Soda and Baking Powder Go Bad? Baking powder and baking soda dont exactly go bad, but they do undergo chemical reactions sitting on the shelf for months or years that cause them to lose their effectiveness as leavening agents. The higher the humidity, the faster the ingredients lose their potency. Fortunately, if youre concerned theyve been in the pantry for too long, its easy to test baking powder and baking soda for freshness: Mix a teaspoon of baking powder with 1/3 cup hot water; lots of bubbles means its fresh. For baking soda, dribble a few drops of vinegar or lemon juice onto 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda. Again, vigorous bubbling means its still good. Baking powder and baking soda arent the only ingredients you might need to substitute in a recipe. There are also simple substitutions for ingredients such as  cream of tartar, buttermilk,  milk, and different types of flour.

Chicano Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Chicano - Essay Example There are various types of son depending upon the rural folk music it categorizes, and every type has its own unique instrumentation. 2. Also known as espinela and introduced by Vicente Gà ³mez Martà ­nez-Espinel (1550– 1624), a decima is a style in poetry in which the poem has ten-line stanzas. A decima conveys thoughtful, spiritual, ethical, or political message to the reader. Decimas may be philosophical or comical. Satirical decimas highlight people’s flaws. Puerto Rico decimas are octosyllabic, where each stanza has 10 lines, with the rhyming scheme of ABBAACCDDC. Decimas are often improvised, and the improviser is known as decimero. Decimeros improvise decimas in folklore poetic competitions known as payadas. They confront the primary message in the decimas. For example, they respond to the satirical decima with a kind decima, and come up with a duet song that becomes an extempore creative improvising of a satirical

Crises and conflicts in the middle east Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Crises and conflicts in the middle east - Essay Example The survival of Saddam Hussein, who was seen as a challenge for the hegemony of the United States of America in the Persian Gulf, directly counterposed as a threat to American and regional security. To finish the unfinished task of 1991, the United States of America‘s invasion of Iraq began on March 20, 2003. America’s Consolidation of New World Order in Iraq The War on Iraq had nothing to do with America’s professed objectives of human rights protection and removal of a dangerous dictator from power. On the other hand, America’s strategic interests in an emerging new world order and the rise of unilateralism and unipolarity after the collapse of Soviet Union had contributed much to bringing the US into the gulf war. Two American wars against Iraq were very different in nature, both in objectives and outcomes. The objective of 1991 war was to overturn the notorious act of aggression and restore normalcy in the region, wherein the United Nations preserves it s hegemony. The first Gulf War, which was called as Operation Desert Storm, had the sanction of United Nations Organization and a grand global coalition forces fought it. It was seen as a legitimate war fought for Kuwait’s liberation. The Operation Desert Storm restored status quo in the region. In contrast, the second Iraq war was a preventive war. It was fought for preventing Saddam Hussein from acquiring nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. George W. Bush administration was of the view that if Saddam Hussein gets nuclear weapons, he could not be deterred from aggressive actions in the region. Even though old allies of the United States of America and United Nations Organisation opposed it, the United States of America attacked Iraq in 2003. The first said priority of second Iraq war was to oust Saddam Hussein and take away weapons of mass destruction from Iraq. It was a pre-emptive war not only to Iraq but also to demonstrate to other so-called rouge stat es, who were trying to seek weapons of mass destructions against the will of the United States of America, the consequences of mending with American strategic interests in the new world order. Neoconservatives in the United States of the America also provided intellectual support for the war and engaged in fierce ideological battles to change the American opinion in favour of war. They were professing to build a model democracy in Iraq as the presence of a democratic Iraq in the Middle East would have undermined the influence of the other dictatorships in the Arab world and ensured more security for Israel, the staunch American ally. Peter W. Galbraith has correctly summarized real motives behind the second Iraq war. Galbraith considers the Iraq War â€Å"was intended to transform Iraq from brutal dictatorship into the Arab world's first real democracy. President Bush fully expected a democratic Iraq would be both a role model for other Middle Eastern countries and a subversive for ce against the region's authoritarian rulers. Envisioning a replay of the 1989 Eastern European revolutions, where elections in Poland set in motion a process that swept away the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union, the Iraq War's neoconservative architects imagined the quick collapse of Syria's Baathist regime, the growing strength of Prodemocracy forces in Iran, and ultimately the replacement of pro-American autocrats in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with pro-American democrats†

RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Research Paper

RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE - Research Paper Example As a result of these types of labels, these people were instantly placed on a significantly lower social level than the Europeans within the minds of the Europeans who eventually gained dominance. This mindset lives on today in the European-styled society we perpetuated. Overt discriminatory practices during all phases of the criminal justice system concerning ethnic minorities, especially those of African-American or Hispanic descent, have been well-documented. The recently increased implementation of law enforcement measures which are exclusively aimed at minorities and immigrants through tactics such as racial profiling have exacerbated long standing tensions with police agencies. These interactions are becoming increasingly tense as evidenced by a proliferation of physical and verbal abuse towards minorities and immigrants, a growing mutual distrust and an escalating threat of violence. Of course, crime can occur in fully homogenized societies and a tendency to commit crimes in i mpoverished areas is understood to be the result of economic rather than racial issues. However, racist perceptions are reflected in laws, traditions, and hiring practices causing minorities to be disproportionately represented in depressed neighborhoods. This is a rather obvious explanation for social injustice creating crime. An additional reason could be that because minorities are targeted as potential criminals, it is generally perceived by the majority that simply being a minority places the individual under suspicion. The U.S. incarcerates more of its population per capita than any other industrialized country. Currently, more than two million prisoners are jailed in local, state or federal facilities. It is not just the number of prisoners that is increasing, but the ratio of prisoner to free population is widening as well. Approximately 10 years ago, there were about 703 prisoners in every

Physiological Demands Of The Marathon

Physiological Demands Of The Marathon Mark Speedie is a national level runner, aged 25. Historically his training has involved continuous running training but he understands that interval training and/or resistance training may further enhance his performance. The aim of the marathon is to maintain a high power output over the official 42.195km distance, a feat which requires substantial physical and psychological preparedness (John A. Hawley Fiona J. Spargo, 2007; McLaughlin, Howley, Bassett, Thompson, Fitzhugh, 2010). Success in the event depends upon a number of physiological, psychological and environmental factors. National level marathon running demands a high aerobic capacity and the ability to perform at a high fraction of it for a sustained period of time. A complex interplay of cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, and metabolic systems is necessary to achieve this. The purpose of this summary is to outline the physiological demands of the marathon, the mechanisms of performance resultant of the aforementioned characteristics and to introduce training methods documented in recent literature to enhance attributes and performance (time) of the marathon at national level. A.V Hill (1926) reports a high VO2Max to be the key determinant underpinning endurance performance. Astrand and Rodahl (1986) describe VO2Max as the highest rate at which the body can uptake and utilise oxygen (O2) during severe exercise at sea level; it sets the ceiling of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation and is a key determinant of marathon performance. VO2max is traditionally increased as a result of performing high volume, low intensity (60% VO2Max) long slow distance (LSD) running. The volume of oxygen consumed (VO2) (Berger, Campbell, Wilkerson, Jones) at a given work rate, is more commonly termed running economy (RE) or described as the metabolic cost of running (Cr). McLaughlin et al., (2010) report a strong correlation between RE and 16km time (r =0.812), Billet et al. (2001) suggest a strong correlation between VO2Peak and Cr (r=0.65, P= 0.04), and Midgley et al. (2006) detail highly correlated (r=0.62) improvements in RE with LSD training (Midgley, McNaughton, Wilkinson, 2006; McLaughlin, et al., 2010), similarly resistance training has been reported to derive similar improvements in RE ( Bonacci, Chapman, Blanch, Vicenzino, 2009; Storen, Helgerud, Stoa, Hoff, 2008a). Research on lactate threshold (LT) suggest it is a sound predictor of marathon race velocity (Coyle, 2007). Once considered largely a waste product of glycolysis lactate (La-) is now considered an important metabolic fuel (Gladden, 2004). La- increases are indicative of work rates exceeding possible levels of fat oxidation required to sustain ATP production, therefore intracellular signalling stimulates glycogenolysis and glycolysis to meet ATP demands (Joyner Coyle, 2008; Spriet, 2007). The efficacy of alternative training protocols said to enhance physiological traits of marathon performance are emerging. Improvements of up to 7% in RE are been reported following resistance training protocols (Berryman, Maurel, Bosquet, 2010; Paavolainen, Hakkinen, Hamalainen, Nummela, Rusko, 1999; Saunders, et al., 2006; Spurrs, Murphy, Watsford, 2003), primarily due to superior stretch shortening cycle (SSC) function in consequence of increased musculotendinous stiffness (A. N. M. C. Turner Jeffreys, 2010). Similarly, SIT is purported to improve endurance performance through possible mechanisms including muscle La- buffering capacity (Laursen, 2010), enhanced enzymatic functioning, skeletal muscle remodelling (Burgomaster, et al., 2008) and metabolic adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis (Hawley, et al., 2007). Moreover hypothesis surrounding muscle fibre type transitions and hybrid myosin isoforms, suggest SIT and high intensity interval training (HIIT) may elicit str uctural changes resulting in a greater oxidative capacity of muscle and improved endurance performance (Kubukeli, Noakes, Dennis, 2002). The following article will discuss these mechanisms in further and include recommendations of various training protocols, reported to improve performance. . Word count: 574 Athlete Profile Mark Speedie National athlete, Mark Speedie, has traditionally employed continuous training protocols for race preparation, 71% of total training volume comprising of low intensity training ( Table 1. Athlete Profile: Mark Speedie, sub-elite marathon runner NZ Ranking 4th Current career goals 2016 Olympic podium contender Age (years) 25 Weight (kg) 60 Height (cm) 172 PRM (hr:min:ss) 2:22:00 vMarathon (km.hr-1) 17.8 VO2Peak (mL.kg-1.min-1) 70 LT (%VO2Peak) Unknown Cr: (mL.kg-1.km-1) Unknown MHR (BPM) 195 Cr = Metabolic cost of running (aka running economy), LT = Lactate Threshold, MHR = Maximum heart rate, PRM = personal record for the marathon, vMarathon = velocity for marathon distance In addition to the efficient, integrated nature of body systems required to produce elite performance, body mass and composition, as described by Pollock et.al.,(1977) reported elite marathoners ideally weigh between 59.6 and 66.2 kg with a body fat percentage of approximately 5  ± 2%. A lean stature has been reported to more economical during endurance events for movement efficiency, aerobic economy and heat dissipation (Billat, et al., 2001; Pollock, et al., 1977). Assessments Before recommending new training protocols, it is important to determine the current physiological status of Mark using appropriate, valid and reliable assessment strategies. Laboratory Assessment Intermittent or continuous treadmill protocols performed in the laboratory are used to obtain information pertaining to aerobic function, including VO2Max, RER and metabolic cost of exercise (Cr, RE). Intermittent treadmill protocol is widely used, and has the advantage of 30s recovery periods in which blood samples can be taken to measure substrate levels such as lactate (BLa-). A minimum 3 minute increment is recommended by ACSM (ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 2010, p79) increasing velocity and/or inclination each increment until one of the following occurs; VO2 reaches a plateau despite increasing velocity or inclination; RER à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1.15; (Esteve-Lanao, et al., 2005) peak HR >95% age-predicted max or RPE of >19 (ACSM p83) after which VO2Max is determined. Similarly, volitional exhaustion may end the test, the highest steady state VO2 is recorded as VO2Peak. Midgley et al. (2006) report significant differences in vVO2Max (km.hr-1) following three tr eadmill protocols, which demonstrates the importance of considering the methodological variations of test protocols and training intensities based upon them when prescribing exercise intensity. It should be mentioned that some articles cited within this report, use the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) to determine anaerobic and aerobic function in cyclists, however in a recent study, WAnT was not significantly associated with and therefore not a valid tool, for assessing aerobic function in endurance runners (Legaz-Arrese, Munguà ­a-Izquierdo, Carranza-Garcà ­a, Torres-Dà ¡vila, 2011). BLa- is measured during intermittent treadmill test recovery stages using the Lactate Pro blood lactate analyser, a minimally invasive, fast, accurate and valid test (Pyne, Boston, Martin, Logan, 2000) where blood (5ÃŽÂ ¼l) is taken from either the ear lobe or tip of the second digit after appropriate sterilisation of the area. It is important when re-testing that the same sample point is used as the ear and finger may reflect varying measures of BLa-. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR), as recommended by ACSM (p83) is monitored during incremental treadmill testing, a numerical scale (RPE) and heart rate monitoring device (Polar, Finland) are used during testing, respectively. ECG is used where possible to measure HR as a more accurate and intricate measure. Training intensities can then be quantified and prescribed relative to VO2Max, RER, vVO2Max and BLa-, using HR and RPE, to improve program efficacy. Muscle Performance Prior to recommending resistance training protocols it is essential to obtain baseline measures so as to accurately prescribed loads, and progress. Typically the leg press is recommended to assess lower body strength (ACSM p 90 92), however given the different kinematic variables between leg press movements and running gait; a 1RM squat test will be used as kinematics closer represent gait. The athlete must be familiarised with the movement; test protocols must be standardized using appropriate warm up, trial numbers and progressive load increments; and standardisation of squat depth, stance and bar placement are crucial. The use of a linear position transducer during the squat test provides a fast, efficient and reliable means of measuring useful information such as force, power and velocity, beneficial to program prescription and efficacy (Garcà ­a-Pallarà ©s, Sà ¡nchez-Medina, Carrasco, Dà ­az, Izquierdo, 2009; Harris, Cronin, Hopkins, Hansen, 2008). The modified reactive strength index (RSI) is a reliable and valid scientific tool for measuring SSC efficiency. Recall that improvements in RE are documented to be due to an increase in SSC function. The modified RSI replaces depth jump with the counter movement jump (CMJ), swapping ground contact time with takeoff time to calculate SSC efficiency. CMJ involves eccentric (load), amortization and concentric (unload) phases of the SSC mechanisms (Ebben Petushek, 2010; Flanagan, Ebben, Jensen, 2008). Additional to baseline measures, it is important to track ongoing training status to avoid potential overtraining, and to ensure appropriate training stimulus is being prescribed. Research is currently assessing the reliability and validity of heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery time (HRRT), as assessment tools, used to indicate the readiness of the athletes next training bout or race. Manzi et a. (2009) suggest the HRV may indicate a high level of performance or exercise readiness (Manzi, et al., 2009), suggesting HRV to be a useful tool to determine training progression. Furthermore, Buchheit et al (2009) report HRRà Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ to be a useful non-invasive means of measuring the athletes physiological status (Buchheit, et al., 2008; Manzi, et al., 2009). Further research is required to assess the reliability of HRR and HRV in elite and sub-elite athletes undertaking a combined endurance and strength training regime however may be useful for testing readiness followin g aerobic and anaerobic training sessions. Field Test In addition to laboratory based testing, it is important to assess performance measures using activities which simulate race conditions. For Mark, a 10km track run is performed to determine performance time (10PT). Coyle et al. (2007) report marathon race velocity to be à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 10% slower when compared with 10PT and to be an appropriate test to measure physiological improvements in marathon athletes. Training Models Training adaptations require appropriate stimulus and prescription of mode, duration, frequency, loads and intensities, while balancing accompanied stress responses to elicit performance improvements. While the dose-response relationship is gaining more ground in scientific research a previously mentioned, training models and intensities are well documented. Training Zones have been widely used in association with data points determined during gas and blood analysis to mark training intensity. These include percentage of, or HR at, VO2Max, LT or vVO2Max. A number of associated training models are discussed in the literature with respect to endurance running, additional to traditional training methods. The Polarized Training Model, whereby athletes perform a high percentage (75%) of training volume in Zone 1( The Threshold Training Model, more commonly used with untrained and moderately trained individuals, involves the athlete performing a large portion of their training in Zone 2 (60 75% VO2Max)(Esteve-Lanao et al, 2007), at or around the ventilatory threshold or maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (Laursen, 2010). It has been documented that LT, is closely related to marathon velocity (Coyle, 2007; Roecker, S., Niess, H., Dickhuth., 1998). Prolonged training at this higher intensity, however, is shown to down-regulate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), subsequently, due to a decrease in catecholamine secretion and sensitivity, reducing Q and blood distribution resulting in reduced performance (Esteve-Lanao, et al., 2007; Lehmann, et al., 1992). HIT is effective however, when prescribed over short duration, concomitant to reduced volume and monitoring. Acevedo and Goldfarb (1989) report improvements in 10PT of 3%, despite no change in VO2Max or ventilatory threshold, after HIT bouts in well-trained long-distance runners (Acevedo Goldfarb, 1989). In a study on highly trained middle and long distance runners Denadai et al., (2006) report 1.2 4.2% improvements in vVO2max, RE (2.6-6.3%) and 1500m performance (0.8-1.9%) following four weeks HIT, twice per week, performed at 95% to 100% vVO2Max for 60% of the time that subjects were able to remain at that velocity during assessment (Denadai, de Mello, Greco, Ortiz, 2006). More recently, sprint interval training (SIT) performed at all out maximal efforts has been shown to elicit similar metabolic responses in well trained endurance cyclists (Burgomaster, Heigenhauser, Gibala, 2004; Lindsay, et al., 1996; Talanian, Macklin, Peiffer, Parker, Quintana, 2003) and distance runners (Macpherson, Hazell, Olver, Paterson, Lemon, 2011; Mujika, 2010), with concomitant improvements in endurance performance, metabolic control, RE (5.7 7.6 %) (Iaia, et al., 2009) and skeletal muscle adaptations. Alterations in aerobic power and peripheral mechanisms as documented in a study by Macpherson et.al (2011), report significant improvements in VO2Max (P = 0.001) of 11.5% (46.8  ± 1.6 to 52.2  ± 2.0 mL.kg.-1.min-1) and a(VO2)difference (7.1%) without changes in SV or Q, suggesting aerobic improvements after SIT are as a result of peripheral alterations. Moreover SIT has been shown to induce alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondrial enzymes; citrate synthase CS, 3- hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase ß-HAD, suggestive of increased lipid oxidation; pyruvate dehydrogenase PDH, indicating decrease in skeletal muscle CHO oxidation, muscle glycogenolysis and PCr utilisation similar to that reported after endurance training (Burgomaster, et al., 2008). ß-HAD stimulation following SIT, is potentially the result of a rapid decrease in muscle PCr availability in conjunction with continued high work rates required to generate maximal power (Spriet, 2007). In a study by Hazell et al. (2011) authors suggest that the coupling of PCr hydrolysis and oxidative phosphorylation provide an acute challenge to the mitochondria resulting in adaptation and that insufficient recoveries between exercise bouts force skeletal muscle to regenerate ATP as anaerobic contribution decreases, may contribute to improved aerobic power following SIT (Hazell, MacPherson, Gravelle, Lemon, 2010). Furthermore, increases in skeletal muscle buffering capacity (ßm) (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  200 240 ÃŽÂ ¼atom H+ /g dry wt/pH unit), content of MCT 1 (monocarboxylate 1), found predominantly in type I fibres and required for La- transportation into muscle fibres for ATP production; and MCT 4, found in type II fibres, required for La- transport out of muscle fibres of 70% and 30% respectively (Kubukeli, et al., 2002) has been documented relative to improved anaerobic performance (Gibala, et al., 2006) following SIT. Additionally, Gibala et.al. (2009), report increases in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcium signalling mechanisms all of which are purported to be involved in the regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1ÃŽÂ ±), which coordinates mitochondrial biogenesis. The oxidative enzyme expression regulation in skeletal muscle, suggests potential skeletal muscle remodelling (Gibala, et al., 2006) following SIT. Skeletal muscle plasticity is inconclusive however a recent publication by McCarthy (2011) indicates the coordination of fibre-type transitions through non-coding RNA (MiRNA) suggest coordination of fibre-type changes in response to altered training stimulus supporting the theory of skeletal muscle remodelling (McCarthy, 2011). Evidence suggests that various resistance training protocols can improve long distance running performance, by enhancing biomechanical structures to reduce fatigue and injury as a result of inefficient movement. Further, resistance training has been well documented to improve RE and endurance performance (Mikkola, Rusko, Nummela, Pollari, Hakkinen, 2007; Paavolainen, et al., 1999; Storen, et al., 2008a). Performance improvements are indicative of neuromuscular stretch shortening cycle (SSC) adaptations (Saunders, et al., 2006) and reportedly due to an increase in ÃŽÂ ±-motor neuron potentiation and subsequent increase in motor unit (MU) innervation; greater contractile force; improved neural connections at spinal level; increase MU synchronisation, and consequent rate of force development (RFD) (Wilmore, 2008 pp206; Drinkwater et al. 2009); and alterations to neural inhibitory mechanisms decreasing co-activation of antagonist muscles (Hoff Helgerud, 2004; Millet, Jaouen, Borrani, Candau, 2002). Hoff et.al., (2004) suggest RFD increases (52.3%) in soccer players improve overall economy; moreover, reported a positive correlation between arterial flow transit time and a(VO2) difference potentially increasing time to fatigue at submaximal velocities (Hoff Helgerud, 2004; Storen, Helgerud, Stoa, Hoff, 2008b). Furthermore, Turner et. al. (2010) suggest that plyometric training induc es increased musculotendinous stiffness (MTS), positively correlated with improved power, force and velocity (Bosjen-Moller et. al., 2005), shorter ground contact times (Kuitunen et. al., 2002) and enhanced propulsive forces during toe off (A. M. Turner, Owings, Schwane, 2003; A. N. M. C. Turner Jeffreys, 2010) contribute to improved SSC function. Exercise Prescription Recommendations The progressive implementation of resistance training protocols for a marathon athlete such as Mark, is required to produce adaptations safely and effectively. He is advised to employ a two to three day per week model initially, graduating intensity, complexity, frequency and/or duration accordingly as performance indicators improve and tolerance levels adjust. General, functional full body exercises (low weight, high repetition) aimed at improving muscular endurance; musculoskeletal condition and motor coordination are recommended in accordance to Esteve-Lanao (2007). The athletes psychological state is important when altering training parameters, circuit training protocols which elicit a HR response, include eight to 10 exercises, followed by short running intervals (400m) may be beneficial to the athletes transition to resistance training. Following the initial conditioning phase, a heavy strength cycle of four to eight weeks, performed two to three days per week, with low (one to five) repetitions of heavy loads as derived from strength assessments is recommended. Improvements of approximately 5% demonstrated during four to 10 week interventions (Kelly et. al., 2008, Storen et.al., 2008, Millet et.al., 2002) are detailed in Table 2. Exercises should remain functional multi-joint movements (squats, deadlifts, lunges) and aim to develop neural alterations to musculature highly involved in running gait at SSC movements. Explosive and eccentric training protocols, including power exercises (jump squats, hang clean), gait development (single leg squat), and eccentric load (Nordic curls) should follow in the late stages of the conditioning phase. These methods have been shown to improve RFD and muscle power factors. Research suggests one to two days of explosive training, over a four to eight week period is adequate for obtaining desired power adaptations, and maintaining strength. Some low volume, low intensity plyometric training may be included during this phase also (Berryman et. al., 2010, Paavolanien et.al., 1999) aimed at condition SSC mechanisms. Plyometric training (jumping, hopping, bounding and skipping) has been reported to produce improvements in RE and endurance performance of up to 7% and 4.8% respectively, in highly trained endurance runners when performed at high intensities, in as little as one to three sessions per week over a six to eight week period (Berryman et. al., 2010). High intensity plyometric training can be implemented leading up to competition phase and is specifically designed to improve SSC function. Functional resistance run training, including running with vests, sleds, chutes, hills, sand or mud, during this phase is recommended. Estevo-Lanao (2007) suggests this should be performed at specific competition velocity and should be coordinated with a reduced running volume leading into the late competition phase. Mark is advised to continue with one maintenance strength session per week, at low load and intensity with adequate recovery intervals so as not to cause any muscle damage leading into his main races, allowing approximately one to two weeks taper, whereby no resistance training should be performed. Re-testing of performance and strength parameters prior to commencing a new training phase is recommended to assess and make changes accordingly for the subsequent training cycles. During the base phase of training, HIT and SIT may be used supplementary to LSD training. Reports have shown that replacing 25% to 90% (Burgomaster, et al., 2008) of LSD volume with HIT/SIT has not changed performance times, however has produceed similar metabolic responses when compared to LSD. As the literature fails to report performance improvements, it is advised that these extreme volumes of LSD are not removed from Marks schedule; however a reduction a volume is recommended when implementing SIT. It is adequate to say that responses from HIT and SIT occur substantially and quickly, requiring no more than four to six weeks at high volumes (J. Esteve-Lanao, et al., 2007; Gibala, et al., 2006; Hazell, et al., 2010). Typically, SIT protocols include four to six 30-s all out bouts of running, separated by two to four minutes of recovery (Burgomaster, et al., 2008; Gibala, et al., 2006). Training progression should also be applied to SIT, increasing the number of all out bouts from four to six repetitions over the recommended four to six week duration, after which, ATP is reduced significantly and no further metabolic or skeletal changes evident. With this in mind, HIT and SIT protocols should be introduced at approximately six weeks out from the first main priority race in the competition phase, after appropriate re-testing signifying required adaptations (Gibala, et al., 2006). Cardiovascular, metabolic and neural alterations and also muscular improvements contribute to race performance by 2% to 8% in distance runners in a recent study by Lunden (2010). Conversely, single fibre power of MHC IIa muscle fibres appear to be a prevalent adaptation, and likely contributor to the 3% improvement in running performance reported by Luden et al. (2010) as such a taper period of one to two weeks with a load decrease of 50% in week one and a further 25% in week two, is recommended, in order to yield the physiological alterations of training (Luden, et al., 2010). To summarise, metabolic adaptations, similar to those seen after continuous training protocols, have been reported after four to six week interventions of SIT at a substantially lower training volumes than LSD, making this an effective method of training to maintain metabolic condition while reducing training volume. MHC isoform transitions, resulting in more oxidative IIa fibres, although requiring further research, indicates that SIT/HIT be beneficial for enhancing neuromuscular parameters and also peripheral factors (O2 utilisation) associated with endurance performance at the elite level. Potentially, a greater population of IIa fibres, in conjunction with metabolic alterations resulting in more efficient lipid oxidation and CHO sparing, may contribute to greater power output from higher order fibres, with maximum metabolic efficiency, particularly in the final stages of the marathon, where lower order fibres and fuel sources are depleted. Future research is required to determine cardio-respiratory factors which may be affected as a result of reducing training volume in order to prescribe optimal volume reductions, without implicating performance. HRV and HRRT may provide useful assessment tools for this research to determine adequate training stimuli and recovery. Moreover, resistance training has been shown to improve RE and performance by up to 7%, while reducing the risk of injury and biomechanical fatigue, although some reports conflict this, there is outstanding evidence in the literature that resistance training is beneficial at the elite level. In conclusion, it is recommended that after appropriate assessment, SIT and resistance training protocols are gradually introduced to Marks training regime. It is important to reduce total training volume during high intensity cycles of training, however suitable progression and test-re-test monitoring to track performance alterations is suggested in order to track any decline in cardio-respiratory or musculoskeletal condition. Additionally a one to four yearly plan is recommended in order to develop Mark safely and effectively towards his 2016 Olympic goals. Word count: 3340 Table 2. Resistance training, alterations to running economy and endurance performance Study Subjects (total number, caliber, gender) Training Method Frequency and Duration Volume Control RE (%) RP km %/sec Turner et al., 2003 18 Moderately trained Mixed Plyometric Training 3d/w x 6 wks 1 set 5 25 reps Regular Endurance Running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2.3* Spurrs et al., 2003 8 Moderately trained Males Plyometric Training 2-3d/w x 6 wk 2 3 sets x 8-15 reps Regular Endurance Running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5.7* à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 3km 2.7% 16.6 sec Saunders et al., 2006 15 Highly trained Plyometric Training 3d/w x 9 wk 30 mins 107  ± 43 km of running per week à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 4.1* Berryman et al., 2010 35 Highly trained Males Plyometric 1 d/w x 8 weeks 3 6 sets x 8 repetitions Endurance Running 3 x per week à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ7* à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 3km 4.8% 36 sec Paavolanien et al. 1999 10 Moderately trained Males Sport Specific Explosive Strength Training 2d/w x 9 wks 15 90 mins Endurance running, circuit training à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ8.1* à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 5k 3.1% Mikkola et al., 2007 25 Moderately trained Mixed Explosive Strength Training 3d/w x 8 wks 2 3 set x 6 -10 repetitions Endurance Running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  Guglielmo et al. 2009 16 Highly trained Explosive Strength 2d/w x 4 wks 3,4,5 x 12 RM Endurance training (60 80km.wk-1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  Berryman et al., 2010 35 Highly trained Males Explosive Training 1 d/w x 8 weeks 3 6 sets x 8 repetitions Endurance Running 3 x per week à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 4% à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 3km 4% 31 sec Millet et al., 2002 15 Highly trained Males (triathletes) Strength Training 2d/w x 14 wk 3-5 sets, 3 5 RM Endurance Training (Swim, Bike, Run) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 5.6 7 Storen et al., 2008 17 Moderately trained Mixed Strength Training 8 wk 4sets x 4RM Regular Endurance Running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5 Kelly et al., 2008 16 Recreational Females Strength Training 3d/w x 10 week 3 x 3 5 RM Regular Endurance running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5.4 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 3km 106 ±91 sec APA Style References ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 8th Edition, 2010. pp79, 83, 90 -92 Acevedo, E. O., Goldfarb, A. H. (1989). Increased training intensity effects on plasma lactate, ventilatory threshold, and endurance. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise October, 21(5), 563-568. Berger, N. J. A., Campbell, I. T., Wilkerson, D. P., Jones, A. M. (2006). Influence of acute plasma volume expansion on VO2 kinetics, VO2peak, and performance during high-intensity cycle exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(3), 707-714. Berryman, N., Maurel, D., Bosquet, L. (2010). Effect of Plyometric vs. Dynamic Weight Training on the Energy Cost of Running. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1818-1825 1810. Billat, V. L., Demarle, A., Slawinski, J., Paiva, M., Koralsztein, J.-P. (2001). Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners. Medicine