Crises and conflicts in the middle east Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Crises and conflicts in the middle east - Essay Example The survival of Saddam Hussein, who was seen as a challenge for the hegemony of the United States of America in the Persian Gulf, directly counterposed as a threat to American and regional security. To finish the unfinished task of 1991, the United States of America‘s invasion of Iraq began on March 20, 2003. America’s Consolidation of New World Order in Iraq The War on Iraq had nothing to do with America’s professed objectives of human rights protection and removal of a dangerous dictator from power. On the other hand, America’s strategic interests in an emerging new world order and the rise of unilateralism and unipolarity after the collapse of Soviet Union had contributed much to bringing the US into the gulf war. Two American wars against Iraq were very different in nature, both in objectives and outcomes. The objective of 1991 war was to overturn the notorious act of aggression and restore normalcy in the region, wherein the United Nations preserves it s hegemony. The first Gulf War, which was called as Operation Desert Storm, had the sanction of United Nations Organization and a grand global coalition forces fought it. It was seen as a legitimate war fought for Kuwait’s liberation. The Operation Desert Storm restored status quo in the region. In contrast, the second Iraq war was a preventive war. It was fought for preventing Saddam Hussein from acquiring nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. George W. Bush administration was of the view that if Saddam Hussein gets nuclear weapons, he could not be deterred from aggressive actions in the region. Even though old allies of the United States of America and United Nations Organisation opposed it, the United States of America attacked Iraq in 2003. The first said priority of second Iraq war was to oust Saddam Hussein and take away weapons of mass destruction from Iraq. It was a pre-emptive war not only to Iraq but also to demonstrate to other so-called rouge stat es, who were trying to seek weapons of mass destructions against the will of the United States of America, the consequences of mending with American strategic interests in the new world order. Neoconservatives in the United States of the America also provided intellectual support for the war and engaged in fierce ideological battles to change the American opinion in favour of war. They were professing to build a model democracy in Iraq as the presence of a democratic Iraq in the Middle East would have undermined the influence of the other dictatorships in the Arab world and ensured more security for Israel, the staunch American ally. Peter W. Galbraith has correctly summarized real motives behind the second Iraq war. Galbraith considers the Iraq War â€Å"was intended to transform Iraq from brutal dictatorship into the Arab world's first real democracy. President Bush fully expected a democratic Iraq would be both a role model for other Middle Eastern countries and a subversive for ce against the region's authoritarian rulers. Envisioning a replay of the 1989 Eastern European revolutions, where elections in Poland set in motion a process that swept away the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union, the Iraq War's neoconservative architects imagined the quick collapse of Syria's Baathist regime, the growing strength of Prodemocracy forces in Iran, and ultimately the replacement of pro-American autocrats in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with pro-American democrats†

RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Research Paper

RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE - Research Paper Example As a result of these types of labels, these people were instantly placed on a significantly lower social level than the Europeans within the minds of the Europeans who eventually gained dominance. This mindset lives on today in the European-styled society we perpetuated. Overt discriminatory practices during all phases of the criminal justice system concerning ethnic minorities, especially those of African-American or Hispanic descent, have been well-documented. The recently increased implementation of law enforcement measures which are exclusively aimed at minorities and immigrants through tactics such as racial profiling have exacerbated long standing tensions with police agencies. These interactions are becoming increasingly tense as evidenced by a proliferation of physical and verbal abuse towards minorities and immigrants, a growing mutual distrust and an escalating threat of violence. Of course, crime can occur in fully homogenized societies and a tendency to commit crimes in i mpoverished areas is understood to be the result of economic rather than racial issues. However, racist perceptions are reflected in laws, traditions, and hiring practices causing minorities to be disproportionately represented in depressed neighborhoods. This is a rather obvious explanation for social injustice creating crime. An additional reason could be that because minorities are targeted as potential criminals, it is generally perceived by the majority that simply being a minority places the individual under suspicion. The U.S. incarcerates more of its population per capita than any other industrialized country. Currently, more than two million prisoners are jailed in local, state or federal facilities. It is not just the number of prisoners that is increasing, but the ratio of prisoner to free population is widening as well. Approximately 10 years ago, there were about 703 prisoners in every

Physiological Demands Of The Marathon

Physiological Demands Of The Marathon Mark Speedie is a national level runner, aged 25. Historically his training has involved continuous running training but he understands that interval training and/or resistance training may further enhance his performance. The aim of the marathon is to maintain a high power output over the official 42.195km distance, a feat which requires substantial physical and psychological preparedness (John A. Hawley Fiona J. Spargo, 2007; McLaughlin, Howley, Bassett, Thompson, Fitzhugh, 2010). Success in the event depends upon a number of physiological, psychological and environmental factors. National level marathon running demands a high aerobic capacity and the ability to perform at a high fraction of it for a sustained period of time. A complex interplay of cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, and metabolic systems is necessary to achieve this. The purpose of this summary is to outline the physiological demands of the marathon, the mechanisms of performance resultant of the aforementioned characteristics and to introduce training methods documented in recent literature to enhance attributes and performance (time) of the marathon at national level. A.V Hill (1926) reports a high VO2Max to be the key determinant underpinning endurance performance. Astrand and Rodahl (1986) describe VO2Max as the highest rate at which the body can uptake and utilise oxygen (O2) during severe exercise at sea level; it sets the ceiling of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation and is a key determinant of marathon performance. VO2max is traditionally increased as a result of performing high volume, low intensity (60% VO2Max) long slow distance (LSD) running. The volume of oxygen consumed (VO2) (Berger, Campbell, Wilkerson, Jones) at a given work rate, is more commonly termed running economy (RE) or described as the metabolic cost of running (Cr). McLaughlin et al., (2010) report a strong correlation between RE and 16km time (r =0.812), Billet et al. (2001) suggest a strong correlation between VO2Peak and Cr (r=0.65, P= 0.04), and Midgley et al. (2006) detail highly correlated (r=0.62) improvements in RE with LSD training (Midgley, McNaughton, Wilkinson, 2006; McLaughlin, et al., 2010), similarly resistance training has been reported to derive similar improvements in RE ( Bonacci, Chapman, Blanch, Vicenzino, 2009; Storen, Helgerud, Stoa, Hoff, 2008a). Research on lactate threshold (LT) suggest it is a sound predictor of marathon race velocity (Coyle, 2007). Once considered largely a waste product of glycolysis lactate (La-) is now considered an important metabolic fuel (Gladden, 2004). La- increases are indicative of work rates exceeding possible levels of fat oxidation required to sustain ATP production, therefore intracellular signalling stimulates glycogenolysis and glycolysis to meet ATP demands (Joyner Coyle, 2008; Spriet, 2007). The efficacy of alternative training protocols said to enhance physiological traits of marathon performance are emerging. Improvements of up to 7% in RE are been reported following resistance training protocols (Berryman, Maurel, Bosquet, 2010; Paavolainen, Hakkinen, Hamalainen, Nummela, Rusko, 1999; Saunders, et al., 2006; Spurrs, Murphy, Watsford, 2003), primarily due to superior stretch shortening cycle (SSC) function in consequence of increased musculotendinous stiffness (A. N. M. C. Turner Jeffreys, 2010). Similarly, SIT is purported to improve endurance performance through possible mechanisms including muscle La- buffering capacity (Laursen, 2010), enhanced enzymatic functioning, skeletal muscle remodelling (Burgomaster, et al., 2008) and metabolic adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis (Hawley, et al., 2007). Moreover hypothesis surrounding muscle fibre type transitions and hybrid myosin isoforms, suggest SIT and high intensity interval training (HIIT) may elicit str uctural changes resulting in a greater oxidative capacity of muscle and improved endurance performance (Kubukeli, Noakes, Dennis, 2002). The following article will discuss these mechanisms in further and include recommendations of various training protocols, reported to improve performance. . Word count: 574 Athlete Profile Mark Speedie National athlete, Mark Speedie, has traditionally employed continuous training protocols for race preparation, 71% of total training volume comprising of low intensity training ( Table 1. Athlete Profile: Mark Speedie, sub-elite marathon runner NZ Ranking 4th Current career goals 2016 Olympic podium contender Age (years) 25 Weight (kg) 60 Height (cm) 172 PRM (hr:min:ss) 2:22:00 vMarathon (km.hr-1) 17.8 VO2Peak (mL.kg-1.min-1) 70 LT (%VO2Peak) Unknown Cr: (mL.kg-1.km-1) Unknown MHR (BPM) 195 Cr = Metabolic cost of running (aka running economy), LT = Lactate Threshold, MHR = Maximum heart rate, PRM = personal record for the marathon, vMarathon = velocity for marathon distance In addition to the efficient, integrated nature of body systems required to produce elite performance, body mass and composition, as described by Pollock et.al.,(1977) reported elite marathoners ideally weigh between 59.6 and 66.2 kg with a body fat percentage of approximately 5  ± 2%. A lean stature has been reported to more economical during endurance events for movement efficiency, aerobic economy and heat dissipation (Billat, et al., 2001; Pollock, et al., 1977). Assessments Before recommending new training protocols, it is important to determine the current physiological status of Mark using appropriate, valid and reliable assessment strategies. Laboratory Assessment Intermittent or continuous treadmill protocols performed in the laboratory are used to obtain information pertaining to aerobic function, including VO2Max, RER and metabolic cost of exercise (Cr, RE). Intermittent treadmill protocol is widely used, and has the advantage of 30s recovery periods in which blood samples can be taken to measure substrate levels such as lactate (BLa-). A minimum 3 minute increment is recommended by ACSM (ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 2010, p79) increasing velocity and/or inclination each increment until one of the following occurs; VO2 reaches a plateau despite increasing velocity or inclination; RER à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1.15; (Esteve-Lanao, et al., 2005) peak HR >95% age-predicted max or RPE of >19 (ACSM p83) after which VO2Max is determined. Similarly, volitional exhaustion may end the test, the highest steady state VO2 is recorded as VO2Peak. Midgley et al. (2006) report significant differences in vVO2Max (km.hr-1) following three tr eadmill protocols, which demonstrates the importance of considering the methodological variations of test protocols and training intensities based upon them when prescribing exercise intensity. It should be mentioned that some articles cited within this report, use the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) to determine anaerobic and aerobic function in cyclists, however in a recent study, WAnT was not significantly associated with and therefore not a valid tool, for assessing aerobic function in endurance runners (Legaz-Arrese, Munguà ­a-Izquierdo, Carranza-Garcà ­a, Torres-Dà ¡vila, 2011). BLa- is measured during intermittent treadmill test recovery stages using the Lactate Pro blood lactate analyser, a minimally invasive, fast, accurate and valid test (Pyne, Boston, Martin, Logan, 2000) where blood (5ÃŽÂ ¼l) is taken from either the ear lobe or tip of the second digit after appropriate sterilisation of the area. It is important when re-testing that the same sample point is used as the ear and finger may reflect varying measures of BLa-. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR), as recommended by ACSM (p83) is monitored during incremental treadmill testing, a numerical scale (RPE) and heart rate monitoring device (Polar, Finland) are used during testing, respectively. ECG is used where possible to measure HR as a more accurate and intricate measure. Training intensities can then be quantified and prescribed relative to VO2Max, RER, vVO2Max and BLa-, using HR and RPE, to improve program efficacy. Muscle Performance Prior to recommending resistance training protocols it is essential to obtain baseline measures so as to accurately prescribed loads, and progress. Typically the leg press is recommended to assess lower body strength (ACSM p 90 92), however given the different kinematic variables between leg press movements and running gait; a 1RM squat test will be used as kinematics closer represent gait. The athlete must be familiarised with the movement; test protocols must be standardized using appropriate warm up, trial numbers and progressive load increments; and standardisation of squat depth, stance and bar placement are crucial. The use of a linear position transducer during the squat test provides a fast, efficient and reliable means of measuring useful information such as force, power and velocity, beneficial to program prescription and efficacy (Garcà ­a-Pallarà ©s, Sà ¡nchez-Medina, Carrasco, Dà ­az, Izquierdo, 2009; Harris, Cronin, Hopkins, Hansen, 2008). The modified reactive strength index (RSI) is a reliable and valid scientific tool for measuring SSC efficiency. Recall that improvements in RE are documented to be due to an increase in SSC function. The modified RSI replaces depth jump with the counter movement jump (CMJ), swapping ground contact time with takeoff time to calculate SSC efficiency. CMJ involves eccentric (load), amortization and concentric (unload) phases of the SSC mechanisms (Ebben Petushek, 2010; Flanagan, Ebben, Jensen, 2008). Additional to baseline measures, it is important to track ongoing training status to avoid potential overtraining, and to ensure appropriate training stimulus is being prescribed. Research is currently assessing the reliability and validity of heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery time (HRRT), as assessment tools, used to indicate the readiness of the athletes next training bout or race. Manzi et a. (2009) suggest the HRV may indicate a high level of performance or exercise readiness (Manzi, et al., 2009), suggesting HRV to be a useful tool to determine training progression. Furthermore, Buchheit et al (2009) report HRRà Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ to be a useful non-invasive means of measuring the athletes physiological status (Buchheit, et al., 2008; Manzi, et al., 2009). Further research is required to assess the reliability of HRR and HRV in elite and sub-elite athletes undertaking a combined endurance and strength training regime however may be useful for testing readiness followin g aerobic and anaerobic training sessions. Field Test In addition to laboratory based testing, it is important to assess performance measures using activities which simulate race conditions. For Mark, a 10km track run is performed to determine performance time (10PT). Coyle et al. (2007) report marathon race velocity to be à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 10% slower when compared with 10PT and to be an appropriate test to measure physiological improvements in marathon athletes. Training Models Training adaptations require appropriate stimulus and prescription of mode, duration, frequency, loads and intensities, while balancing accompanied stress responses to elicit performance improvements. While the dose-response relationship is gaining more ground in scientific research a previously mentioned, training models and intensities are well documented. Training Zones have been widely used in association with data points determined during gas and blood analysis to mark training intensity. These include percentage of, or HR at, VO2Max, LT or vVO2Max. A number of associated training models are discussed in the literature with respect to endurance running, additional to traditional training methods. The Polarized Training Model, whereby athletes perform a high percentage (75%) of training volume in Zone 1( The Threshold Training Model, more commonly used with untrained and moderately trained individuals, involves the athlete performing a large portion of their training in Zone 2 (60 75% VO2Max)(Esteve-Lanao et al, 2007), at or around the ventilatory threshold or maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (Laursen, 2010). It has been documented that LT, is closely related to marathon velocity (Coyle, 2007; Roecker, S., Niess, H., Dickhuth., 1998). Prolonged training at this higher intensity, however, is shown to down-regulate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), subsequently, due to a decrease in catecholamine secretion and sensitivity, reducing Q and blood distribution resulting in reduced performance (Esteve-Lanao, et al., 2007; Lehmann, et al., 1992). HIT is effective however, when prescribed over short duration, concomitant to reduced volume and monitoring. Acevedo and Goldfarb (1989) report improvements in 10PT of 3%, despite no change in VO2Max or ventilatory threshold, after HIT bouts in well-trained long-distance runners (Acevedo Goldfarb, 1989). In a study on highly trained middle and long distance runners Denadai et al., (2006) report 1.2 4.2% improvements in vVO2max, RE (2.6-6.3%) and 1500m performance (0.8-1.9%) following four weeks HIT, twice per week, performed at 95% to 100% vVO2Max for 60% of the time that subjects were able to remain at that velocity during assessment (Denadai, de Mello, Greco, Ortiz, 2006). More recently, sprint interval training (SIT) performed at all out maximal efforts has been shown to elicit similar metabolic responses in well trained endurance cyclists (Burgomaster, Heigenhauser, Gibala, 2004; Lindsay, et al., 1996; Talanian, Macklin, Peiffer, Parker, Quintana, 2003) and distance runners (Macpherson, Hazell, Olver, Paterson, Lemon, 2011; Mujika, 2010), with concomitant improvements in endurance performance, metabolic control, RE (5.7 7.6 %) (Iaia, et al., 2009) and skeletal muscle adaptations. Alterations in aerobic power and peripheral mechanisms as documented in a study by Macpherson et.al (2011), report significant improvements in VO2Max (P = 0.001) of 11.5% (46.8  ± 1.6 to 52.2  ± 2.0 mL.kg.-1.min-1) and a(VO2)difference (7.1%) without changes in SV or Q, suggesting aerobic improvements after SIT are as a result of peripheral alterations. Moreover SIT has been shown to induce alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondrial enzymes; citrate synthase CS, 3- hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase ß-HAD, suggestive of increased lipid oxidation; pyruvate dehydrogenase PDH, indicating decrease in skeletal muscle CHO oxidation, muscle glycogenolysis and PCr utilisation similar to that reported after endurance training (Burgomaster, et al., 2008). ß-HAD stimulation following SIT, is potentially the result of a rapid decrease in muscle PCr availability in conjunction with continued high work rates required to generate maximal power (Spriet, 2007). In a study by Hazell et al. (2011) authors suggest that the coupling of PCr hydrolysis and oxidative phosphorylation provide an acute challenge to the mitochondria resulting in adaptation and that insufficient recoveries between exercise bouts force skeletal muscle to regenerate ATP as anaerobic contribution decreases, may contribute to improved aerobic power following SIT (Hazell, MacPherson, Gravelle, Lemon, 2010). Furthermore, increases in skeletal muscle buffering capacity (ßm) (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  200 240 ÃŽÂ ¼atom H+ /g dry wt/pH unit), content of MCT 1 (monocarboxylate 1), found predominantly in type I fibres and required for La- transportation into muscle fibres for ATP production; and MCT 4, found in type II fibres, required for La- transport out of muscle fibres of 70% and 30% respectively (Kubukeli, et al., 2002) has been documented relative to improved anaerobic performance (Gibala, et al., 2006) following SIT. Additionally, Gibala et.al. (2009), report increases in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcium signalling mechanisms all of which are purported to be involved in the regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1ÃŽÂ ±), which coordinates mitochondrial biogenesis. The oxidative enzyme expression regulation in skeletal muscle, suggests potential skeletal muscle remodelling (Gibala, et al., 2006) following SIT. Skeletal muscle plasticity is inconclusive however a recent publication by McCarthy (2011) indicates the coordination of fibre-type transitions through non-coding RNA (MiRNA) suggest coordination of fibre-type changes in response to altered training stimulus supporting the theory of skeletal muscle remodelling (McCarthy, 2011). Evidence suggests that various resistance training protocols can improve long distance running performance, by enhancing biomechanical structures to reduce fatigue and injury as a result of inefficient movement. Further, resistance training has been well documented to improve RE and endurance performance (Mikkola, Rusko, Nummela, Pollari, Hakkinen, 2007; Paavolainen, et al., 1999; Storen, et al., 2008a). Performance improvements are indicative of neuromuscular stretch shortening cycle (SSC) adaptations (Saunders, et al., 2006) and reportedly due to an increase in ÃŽÂ ±-motor neuron potentiation and subsequent increase in motor unit (MU) innervation; greater contractile force; improved neural connections at spinal level; increase MU synchronisation, and consequent rate of force development (RFD) (Wilmore, 2008 pp206; Drinkwater et al. 2009); and alterations to neural inhibitory mechanisms decreasing co-activation of antagonist muscles (Hoff Helgerud, 2004; Millet, Jaouen, Borrani, Candau, 2002). Hoff et.al., (2004) suggest RFD increases (52.3%) in soccer players improve overall economy; moreover, reported a positive correlation between arterial flow transit time and a(VO2) difference potentially increasing time to fatigue at submaximal velocities (Hoff Helgerud, 2004; Storen, Helgerud, Stoa, Hoff, 2008b). Furthermore, Turner et. al. (2010) suggest that plyometric training induc es increased musculotendinous stiffness (MTS), positively correlated with improved power, force and velocity (Bosjen-Moller et. al., 2005), shorter ground contact times (Kuitunen et. al., 2002) and enhanced propulsive forces during toe off (A. M. Turner, Owings, Schwane, 2003; A. N. M. C. Turner Jeffreys, 2010) contribute to improved SSC function. Exercise Prescription Recommendations The progressive implementation of resistance training protocols for a marathon athlete such as Mark, is required to produce adaptations safely and effectively. He is advised to employ a two to three day per week model initially, graduating intensity, complexity, frequency and/or duration accordingly as performance indicators improve and tolerance levels adjust. General, functional full body exercises (low weight, high repetition) aimed at improving muscular endurance; musculoskeletal condition and motor coordination are recommended in accordance to Esteve-Lanao (2007). The athletes psychological state is important when altering training parameters, circuit training protocols which elicit a HR response, include eight to 10 exercises, followed by short running intervals (400m) may be beneficial to the athletes transition to resistance training. Following the initial conditioning phase, a heavy strength cycle of four to eight weeks, performed two to three days per week, with low (one to five) repetitions of heavy loads as derived from strength assessments is recommended. Improvements of approximately 5% demonstrated during four to 10 week interventions (Kelly et. al., 2008, Storen et.al., 2008, Millet et.al., 2002) are detailed in Table 2. Exercises should remain functional multi-joint movements (squats, deadlifts, lunges) and aim to develop neural alterations to musculature highly involved in running gait at SSC movements. Explosive and eccentric training protocols, including power exercises (jump squats, hang clean), gait development (single leg squat), and eccentric load (Nordic curls) should follow in the late stages of the conditioning phase. These methods have been shown to improve RFD and muscle power factors. Research suggests one to two days of explosive training, over a four to eight week period is adequate for obtaining desired power adaptations, and maintaining strength. Some low volume, low intensity plyometric training may be included during this phase also (Berryman et. al., 2010, Paavolanien et.al., 1999) aimed at condition SSC mechanisms. Plyometric training (jumping, hopping, bounding and skipping) has been reported to produce improvements in RE and endurance performance of up to 7% and 4.8% respectively, in highly trained endurance runners when performed at high intensities, in as little as one to three sessions per week over a six to eight week period (Berryman et. al., 2010). High intensity plyometric training can be implemented leading up to competition phase and is specifically designed to improve SSC function. Functional resistance run training, including running with vests, sleds, chutes, hills, sand or mud, during this phase is recommended. Estevo-Lanao (2007) suggests this should be performed at specific competition velocity and should be coordinated with a reduced running volume leading into the late competition phase. Mark is advised to continue with one maintenance strength session per week, at low load and intensity with adequate recovery intervals so as not to cause any muscle damage leading into his main races, allowing approximately one to two weeks taper, whereby no resistance training should be performed. Re-testing of performance and strength parameters prior to commencing a new training phase is recommended to assess and make changes accordingly for the subsequent training cycles. During the base phase of training, HIT and SIT may be used supplementary to LSD training. Reports have shown that replacing 25% to 90% (Burgomaster, et al., 2008) of LSD volume with HIT/SIT has not changed performance times, however has produceed similar metabolic responses when compared to LSD. As the literature fails to report performance improvements, it is advised that these extreme volumes of LSD are not removed from Marks schedule; however a reduction a volume is recommended when implementing SIT. It is adequate to say that responses from HIT and SIT occur substantially and quickly, requiring no more than four to six weeks at high volumes (J. Esteve-Lanao, et al., 2007; Gibala, et al., 2006; Hazell, et al., 2010). Typically, SIT protocols include four to six 30-s all out bouts of running, separated by two to four minutes of recovery (Burgomaster, et al., 2008; Gibala, et al., 2006). Training progression should also be applied to SIT, increasing the number of all out bouts from four to six repetitions over the recommended four to six week duration, after which, ATP is reduced significantly and no further metabolic or skeletal changes evident. With this in mind, HIT and SIT protocols should be introduced at approximately six weeks out from the first main priority race in the competition phase, after appropriate re-testing signifying required adaptations (Gibala, et al., 2006). Cardiovascular, metabolic and neural alterations and also muscular improvements contribute to race performance by 2% to 8% in distance runners in a recent study by Lunden (2010). Conversely, single fibre power of MHC IIa muscle fibres appear to be a prevalent adaptation, and likely contributor to the 3% improvement in running performance reported by Luden et al. (2010) as such a taper period of one to two weeks with a load decrease of 50% in week one and a further 25% in week two, is recommended, in order to yield the physiological alterations of training (Luden, et al., 2010). To summarise, metabolic adaptations, similar to those seen after continuous training protocols, have been reported after four to six week interventions of SIT at a substantially lower training volumes than LSD, making this an effective method of training to maintain metabolic condition while reducing training volume. MHC isoform transitions, resulting in more oxidative IIa fibres, although requiring further research, indicates that SIT/HIT be beneficial for enhancing neuromuscular parameters and also peripheral factors (O2 utilisation) associated with endurance performance at the elite level. Potentially, a greater population of IIa fibres, in conjunction with metabolic alterations resulting in more efficient lipid oxidation and CHO sparing, may contribute to greater power output from higher order fibres, with maximum metabolic efficiency, particularly in the final stages of the marathon, where lower order fibres and fuel sources are depleted. Future research is required to determine cardio-respiratory factors which may be affected as a result of reducing training volume in order to prescribe optimal volume reductions, without implicating performance. HRV and HRRT may provide useful assessment tools for this research to determine adequate training stimuli and recovery. Moreover, resistance training has been shown to improve RE and performance by up to 7%, while reducing the risk of injury and biomechanical fatigue, although some reports conflict this, there is outstanding evidence in the literature that resistance training is beneficial at the elite level. In conclusion, it is recommended that after appropriate assessment, SIT and resistance training protocols are gradually introduced to Marks training regime. It is important to reduce total training volume during high intensity cycles of training, however suitable progression and test-re-test monitoring to track performance alterations is suggested in order to track any decline in cardio-respiratory or musculoskeletal condition. Additionally a one to four yearly plan is recommended in order to develop Mark safely and effectively towards his 2016 Olympic goals. Word count: 3340 Table 2. Resistance training, alterations to running economy and endurance performance Study Subjects (total number, caliber, gender) Training Method Frequency and Duration Volume Control RE (%) RP km %/sec Turner et al., 2003 18 Moderately trained Mixed Plyometric Training 3d/w x 6 wks 1 set 5 25 reps Regular Endurance Running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2.3* Spurrs et al., 2003 8 Moderately trained Males Plyometric Training 2-3d/w x 6 wk 2 3 sets x 8-15 reps Regular Endurance Running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5.7* à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 3km 2.7% 16.6 sec Saunders et al., 2006 15 Highly trained Plyometric Training 3d/w x 9 wk 30 mins 107  ± 43 km of running per week à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 4.1* Berryman et al., 2010 35 Highly trained Males Plyometric 1 d/w x 8 weeks 3 6 sets x 8 repetitions Endurance Running 3 x per week à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ7* à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 3km 4.8% 36 sec Paavolanien et al. 1999 10 Moderately trained Males Sport Specific Explosive Strength Training 2d/w x 9 wks 15 90 mins Endurance running, circuit training à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ8.1* à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 5k 3.1% Mikkola et al., 2007 25 Moderately trained Mixed Explosive Strength Training 3d/w x 8 wks 2 3 set x 6 -10 repetitions Endurance Running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  Guglielmo et al. 2009 16 Highly trained Explosive Strength 2d/w x 4 wks 3,4,5 x 12 RM Endurance training (60 80km.wk-1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  Berryman et al., 2010 35 Highly trained Males Explosive Training 1 d/w x 8 weeks 3 6 sets x 8 repetitions Endurance Running 3 x per week à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 4% à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 3km 4% 31 sec Millet et al., 2002 15 Highly trained Males (triathletes) Strength Training 2d/w x 14 wk 3-5 sets, 3 5 RM Endurance Training (Swim, Bike, Run) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 5.6 7 Storen et al., 2008 17 Moderately trained Mixed Strength Training 8 wk 4sets x 4RM Regular Endurance Running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5 Kelly et al., 2008 16 Recreational Females Strength Training 3d/w x 10 week 3 x 3 5 RM Regular Endurance running à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5.4 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 3km 106 ±91 sec APA Style References ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 8th Edition, 2010. pp79, 83, 90 -92 Acevedo, E. O., Goldfarb, A. H. (1989). Increased training intensity effects on plasma lactate, ventilatory threshold, and endurance. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise October, 21(5), 563-568. Berger, N. J. A., Campbell, I. T., Wilkerson, D. P., Jones, A. M. (2006). Influence of acute plasma volume expansion on VO2 kinetics, VO2peak, and performance during high-intensity cycle exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(3), 707-714. Berryman, N., Maurel, D., Bosquet, L. (2010). Effect of Plyometric vs. Dynamic Weight Training on the Energy Cost of Running. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1818-1825 1810. Billat, V. L., Demarle, A., Slawinski, J., Paiva, M., Koralsztein, J.-P. (2001). Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners. Medicine

EDGAR ALLAN POE AND BREAST CANCER :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dealing with such a frightful disease like breast cancer can be very painful, being the love one of that unfortunate person can be just as painful. Edgar Allan Poe is an author best known for his tragic poetry and heart-wrenching tales of mystery. His past indicates that it had a huge impact on his life, contributing to his insanity. The enormous amount of tragedy that has surrounded Edgar Allan Poe, all his life, makes him a great candidate for writing a common love story struck by all the agonies of sudden death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the loss of someone special in your life often comes that irreplaceable void, when losing them to a long-suffering battle like breast cancer, many tend to mourn uncontrollably which is normal. â€Å" Breast cancer is a frightening disease. It can be fatal and while two thirds of the cases among mature women. It also strikes younger females and nine thousand males each year â€Å" ( Landau 13). Many believe that cancer patients are the strongest persons alive, the loved ones try to be strong for them but eventually ends up losing there way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this day and age Cancer has started become an epidemic. Doctors have diagnosed hundreds of different types of cancer which can strike at anytime. Soon everyone will suffer or will have suffered from this social problem. â€Å" Cancer is a general term used to indicate more than 100 separate diseases, but all marked by the common characterists of abnormal cell growth regulating mechanisms† ( Rodgers 14). Fortunately, with the advance in technology growing every day, many cancer diagnoses can be regulated or even cured with simple surgery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tragedy and pain are two things known all too well by poet Edgar Allan Poe. While he’d never suffered from any disease before he did from the severe feeling of loss. â€Å" Edgar Allan Poe as a young man at the age of twenty- seven, he married his cousin Virginia Clemm in 1836, she was only thirteen years old† ( Zachary 49). â€Å" Eliza Arnold Hopkins was a skilled actress who charmed theater audiences throughout the eastern United States. Sadly , she died at the age of twenty-four and left her son Edgar an orphan† (Ibid 10). In his lifetime Edgar Allan Poe lost almost all the women in his, from his Mother, Eliza Arnold Hopkins Poe, to his wife, Virginia Clemm Poe, who both died of tuberculosis.

New Personality Self-Portrait Text: Why you think, work, love

Personality inventories have always been a popular topic with people, as they hold within them the power to reveal to us something about our innate selves which we didn’t know before, and the possibility of helping us understand ourselves better, and in turn, making us happier people. As psychological knowledge advanced, in the United States personality inventories became a much-appreciated subject of books, articles and researches as most of these sought to exaggerate the impact of individualism while downplaying the effects of social and economic factors on upbringing and social behavior. Personality tests have often been criticized personality tests and placed them on the continuum of astrology, fortune-telling and horoscopes, calling their content equally generic and simplistic in nature so that people find at least something in the tests which has a relation to their life or self, and they ignore the rest of the contents of the tests which do not have such a relation. Another critical view is that these tests overly simplify personality, which inherently is a complex phenomenon, and that these tests often lack scientific descriptors. The conventional tests all contain a series of random questions and individual scores are tabulated based on the polarity of responses generated by these questions. While these tests maintain that no one person can fit completely and wholly into one category, yet the presentation of the personality types themselves is at best, rigid and highly categorical. However, John M. Oldham, a physician, psychiatrist, researcher, academic administrator and writer has developed a personality test which counters these criticisms and emerges as one of the more reliable assessment tests out of the various options available. Oldham's personality test also has an inventory of questions and just like other tests before it, it assigns points on answers and reveals personality types based on points. But it is better than other popular inventories because the personality types are not the conventional ones, derived from popular consensus, rather, they are based on psychiatric medical categories of personality disorders in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Then, Oldham has identified â€Å"the common, utterly human, nonpatholocial versions of the extreme, disordered constellations† from this manual. He has followed this approach because according to him, personality disorders are the â€Å"extremes of normal human patterns†, basically, what personality comprises of. Hence, the book is based on the premise of defining the normal personality styles, the extreme versions of which translate into personality disorders. Critics of Oldham's book, which is a popularization, have said that while the test works fine, the examples Oldham has used can be distracting and misleading. The situations and reactions that have been attributed to these fictitious characters have the risk of not being taken seriously by people as their characterization lacks any cultural, socio-economic, environmental or ethical element, which is what makes characters believable. Another drawback of the test is that the validity is completely dependent on the responses of the individual, and there are no correction scales, which are present in other standardized personality instruments. One of the strong points of this test is that the descriptors are short, yet clear in their meaning, and in all, manage to provide comprehensive coverage of all types of personalities. By giving a personality style-disorder continuum, Oldham has recognized that personalities are not just groups of character traits; rather, they exist on a spectrum which ranges from normal personality styles to their counterpart personality disorders. The book is a popular one, and its intended audience is laypeople and not medical professionals. It provides a simple view on personality styles and to some people, might appear to be lacking the technical sophistication which more rigorously developed and standardized personality inventories might contain.

Human Resource and Management Essay

It is widely accepted that functions involving management include planning goals of the organization, organizing its employees so that efficiency can be achieved, leading involves employee motivation and influence, whereas control function makes sure that all other functions help bring success to the organization . Another viewpoint is that there is a fifth function which is staffing. Staffing involves the HRM department making sure that the appropriate people with valuable skills are placed on jobs (Bartol, 2004). Human resource department has become more important today as it is integrated and much more strategically involved. The HRM department sees it very important in order to be successful as an organization much effort should be put on recruitment of employees, then they should be motivated to perform their task, and trained to execute their responsibilities effectively. To built an efficient work force and maintain it on that level the HRM needs to influence employee behaviour when they seem off track. The few ways in which they can do is by organizing which includes job design/redesign, remuneration and benefits, training and development, and performance management. Job Design Job design is method which involves organizing employee tasks and giving them responsibilities. It also focuses on changing duties of employees so that job satisfaction is gained, which therefore increases efficiency. It focuses on the content of job and effect it has on employee motivation and effectiveness. If job satisfaction is achieved productivity can also be achieved, some people prefer jobs which they feel comfortable at, identifying what makes a good job for the employee can be helpful in improving performance, this can make difference on cost resulting from absenteeism and low turnover. The job fit matches characteristic of people with characteristic of jobs. A person not fitting a job can be disastrous for the company and the employee. By re-designing the job the person/job fit can be may be improved, this can affect employee motivation as the job becomes favourable for employee, catering to their need of job-related satisfaction, for example a person who does not likes to talk much may find it awkward and frustrating at a bank teller job because there he may have to interact with people all day long (Keaton, 2001). Read more:Â  Areas of Human Resources Management Business The ways to re-design a job includes job enlargement and job enrichment, this involves reducing the problems faced by the employee on job. Broadening the scope of the job by expanding the tasks to be performed may reduce the monotonous job experience, as their would be new tasks for the employee to perform, this may help influence behaviour as the employee may achieve job satisfaction and also feel more important as a part of the organization. Job enrichment deals with the employee given more responsibility then before, by adding planning, controlling and evaluating to his job function. Job enrichment may include giving the employee the entire job rather then a part of work, expanding the assignment so that the employee can learn from new tasks, moreover developing new areas of expertise. It may also include giving the employee more autonomy so that he can organize work according to his will, along with giving feedback to higher officials. The more these characteristics are in the job the more motivating it becomes. For the employees motivational value comes from job enrichment due to the feeling of employees that work is now more meaningful, due to the fact that they are more responsible for outcomes. These changes therefore satisfy the employees need for growth, work motivation, work satisfaction, and work effectiveness (Schuler, 2008). Remuneration and Benefits The HR department has also the responsibility of setting employee remuneration, which is the financial payment to employees for their work. This can be used in influencing employee behaviour, it is necessary for the organization to reward employees fairly. If the employee feels he hasn’t been rewarded well he will be de-motivated. Organizations work towards keeping their skilled employee the time, they do not want to lose employee who have worked with them and are good at what they do, also for motivating employees to be more effective and efficient at work HR department tries to best set the wages inline with the expectance of the employees. Well paid employees feel more satisfied with work and are also more willing to give something extra to the organization, in long term this can increase employee commitment and built a trusted relationship between employee and employer. The other option which the HR department uses in influencing behaviour is the benefit system. Employee benefits are does part of the process that reward in addition to cash pay. These benefits may include insurance, medical, pension schemes, a company car or loan, and paid holidays. These benefits care for personal security and needs (Armstrong, 2000). The aim of employee benefits is to contribute to a competitive reward package, also to provide tax-efficient method of remuneration. This is also to provide for the employees need and also for their request for financial help, thus demonstrating that they are part of a caring organization so in turn they can be motivated to carry out work. This also increases the commitment of employee to the organization. The benefit strategy should be directed at the goal of achieving objectives of the business by ensuring it has high quality, committed people in their ranks. A flexible benefit plan helps employee choose between two or more benefits. An employee will be more motivated if he has a say in his benefit package, this way employee can gain better appreciation for the value of benefit he is be being rewarded. Benefits can also be aligned with work, such as giving paid holidays, this can be helpful in achieving short term targets of organization (Robert, 2008). The HR department has therefore the responsibility to work out the best reward system so that employees can benefit and feel satisfied with their work effort (Armstrong, 2000). Training and Development Training and developing employees so that they can deliver their best to the organization is one of the main functions of HR department. The HR department has to continuously work towards perfecting their work force, training them so that they can adapt to the changing business environment. HR department uses training and development to bring about a permanent change in the employees behaviour. Training is defined as helping employee do their current or future work better, where as development involves acquisition of knowledge, skills, personal development, and the right attitude so that the employee is prepared for future opportunities (Bacal, 1998). Training is used in altering the behaviour of the employee in a direction that will help achieve organizational goals. Training helps employees master their present skills or acquire new skill for the execution of another job. Learning is a part of training which brings about a permanent change in employee behaviour. Before training the personal analysis should be conducted so that it could be determined who requires training and their readiness for training. For training to be successful immediate reinforcement is needed so that appropriate behaviour is learned. The learner must be awarded in ways which satisfy needs, such as pay, promotion and recognition. Standards of performance should be set for the employee, as when these standards are met the employee gets a feeling of accomplishment. The training should be meaningful and should also give employee enough time to absorb. The employee should be encouraged to practise the behaviour again and again so that he could perfect his skills. This way a permanent change is brought about in the employee’s behaviour. There are different approaches to training, which includes on-job training and behavioural modelling. On-job training is that an employee is placed in a real work situation and is showed the job and tricks of the trade by a supervisor. This method widely uses the employee’s learning capability to understand and retain the task execution. The other method is behaviour modelling. This is used in increasing interpersonal skills by observing an experienced employee. These methods help bring about a favourable response from the employee. For this training and development procedure to be successful the HR department should ensure that training is linked to business objectives so that everyone is pointed in the same direction. The training should be focused on outcomes and not activities, also allowing employees enough time to adapt. Training should be motivating so that employee expectations could be met, of providing career pathways, increasing job satisfaction and also improving job security. Employee must be shown how to acquire new competencies and what are the benefits of gaining them The HR department should ensure that not only the organizations needs are respected but also the employees and what they want to achieve, so that positive change is brought about in behaviour. Performance Management and Appraisal The HR department knows how much it costs to acquire employees and retain them as a good working unit, they want to be sure that the outlay on staff is achieving an appropriate return. For this HR departments concentrates on performance management and appraisal, which is about creating relationships and ensuring effective communication within the organization. HR department cite as a process which ensures success for everyone, valuing the effort put in by the employees and also influencing and motivating them for their hard work, they feel it helps asses the employees so that they could be rewarded fairly. This is a communication process between employees and their supervisors, which helps built a clear understanding about the job function and what the employee is expected to do. How they can work together to build, improve or sustain employee’s positive conduct. It focuses on employee’s achievement on the preset objectives and how he can bring about a change in his behaviour so that necessary results can be achieved, with continued reviewing of performance against the plans the HR department ensures that objectives are met. The process of discussing work in progress, and how employees can enhance productivity with regular feedback can help determine where the employees stand, and also assess their accomplishments. Appraising an employees job makes them aware of how a task should be executed, also giving them a degree of empowerment which is the ability to make day-to-day decisions. It also helps employees on how to enhance performance, which in turn presents a chance to the employee to develop new skills and appropriate attitude towards work. If the employee understands his duties he can act more freely within the given framework. Performance appraisal is a part of performance management, it is a judgemental process of the performance of the employee on job. It is mainly done for the employees behaviour is moulded according to the companies determined objectives (Bacal, 1999). Performance appraisal brings about favourable attitude of the employee, in the form of commitment and motivation. This is why it important to appraise employees, its importance can be identified as a development to clarify why it is essential to have an effective training program (Banfield, 2008). It is also important for reward purpose as it identifies the deserving employee to receive a reward and who should be trained to achieve high efficiency. Employee motivation is the key behind his compliance to change and this appraisal system stimulates effort to perform better. Employees can be given a legally acceptable reason for promotion or reward and also in case of discharge or transfer so that the employee can’t feel of being treated unfairly. The basic compliance to change of behaviour for an employee comes with monetary incentives, therefore this system helps identify what to pay the employee. This system also encourages communication so that a sense of trust builds between the employee and supervisor, this can be beneficial for the organization as they can work towards carefully shaping the behaviour of the employee so that needs of the organization are catered for, as the employee will respect his supervisor’s decision and will work with commitment and desire. Conclusion The employees are the most important resource of any organization, their commitment and sincerity to the organizations objectives is much sought after. The HR department’s role in this is significant as it sets a benchmark of high standards for the organizations employees. Ensuring that change in behaviour they want is achieved in manner which is acceptable to the employee. The HR department first has to identify the lacking, if it’s concerned with the job they can use job design to influence employee behaviour as an inappropriate person/job fit can be de-motivating for the employee and costly for the organization. If they feel their employees value monetary benefits more they can alter their remuneration and benefit packages according to the need of the employee to generate a feeling of importance in the employee, thus motivating them to achieve organizational goals. The HR department can also analyse the skill level and competence of the employee so that any lacking can then be corrected by employing training and development methods, thus equipping their workforce with new skills and knowledge, readying them to face the challenging business environment. Lastly HR department can use performance management to mould the behaviour of employee according to the need of the organization. With a continuous judgmental system employee motivation and work efficiency can be measured, and then rewarded accordingly. A motivated workforce is the key to any achievement for the organization, so this is what organizations should continuously strive to achieve employing the discussed techniques to influence them.

5 Paragraph Literary Analysis Essay Writing Tips from Expert

5 Paragraph Literary Analysis Essay Writing Tips from Expert Literary Analysis Essay Writing Recommendations Being a student and writing a literary analysis essay are almost synonymous. It is impossible to go to school and avoid this writing assignment. Even though not all students may be excited to complete this task, there is hardly a chance that they will be deprived of this opportunity. If you are one of such students, the following article will be useful for you. We will provide you with useful recommendation on this type of essay writing and help you understand better what literary analysis essay is. What Is a Literary Analysis Essay? This type of essay requires a student to write a deep analysis of some literary work. The complexity of this task is that alongside with analytical thinking, the students will also need much time to get their work done. Even if you are a good writer, you may not always have an opportunity to get the paper written on time. However, even those students who do not consider writing to be their strong side can succeed in literary analysis essay writing by following certain rules. However, in order to write an essay, you will have to be aware of what happens in the book, which presupposes that you read it first. Literary Analysis Analyzing a literary work is a time-consuming task. In order to come up with a good paper, you will have to understand the events described in a book, which automatically leads to breaking in into smaller parts and outlining key elements of the narration. However, literary analysis differs from a summary plot. Actually, summary plot can be a part of analysis essay but definitely not its main part. The focus of an analysis essay should be placed at detailed investigation of problems hidden somewhere between the lines. Analysis Essay Writing The process of such essay writing will be easier, if it is divided into smaller parts and done step-by-step. It will help a writer to understand the process better and concentrate on separate parts properly. If you follow recommendations provide below strictly, you will be able to avoid problems and deliver a high-quality paper without making much efforts. So, if you are ready to enlarge your knowledge on literary analysis paper writing, let us start. Thorough preparation/reading of literary work The first step in writing process is to read a book/poem/novel and, what is most important, understand it! Reading a summary of a plot may not be a good idea, as it does not help in comprehending the hidden message of an author. However, it may be useful after reading the book in order to clearly see the whole picture and better understand the background of the story. Only after this step is completed, you can move on to the next activity. Make notes and review the specific terms Reading a long book may result in the fact that you forget some episodes or do not remember them clearly. It is a normal thing unless you take notes. Writing down the important moments and taking notes on things which seem essential is a good practice. It will give you an opportunity to review the information you need without looking it in a book and wasting your precious time. Make sure you understand the assignment Every paper writing is based on some specific instructions, which have to be followed. In case you do not understand the instructions, you may write an off-topic paper and get a low mark. Regardless of the fact th an t it may sound obvious, you still have to make sure that the assignment is clear to you. In case you have problems with comprehending the task, you can always ask the teacher for additional explanation. Sometimes, literary analysis essay may require more than just analyzing the content of the book. You may be asked to make a research on what other scholars think about problems revealed in a piece of writing you are analyzing, etc. Introductory part The first three steps were preparatory. After they are done, you can actually go down to the writing process. The general structure of the analysis essay is similar to the one of other papers. Consequently, you will have to start from introduction and thesis statement. The aim of the introductory part is to make the readers interested in what you write. As a result, it is recommended to start your paper with some hook or question, which will be further answered in the paper. The other way of starting essay is to use some quote or a shocking fact. Regardless of what approach you will choose, grabbing readers attention is a first step to success. After winning the attention of the audience, you will have to work on the most important part of the introduction, which is thesis statement. Thesis plays a role of a road map of the whole paper. It sets a tone and provides your stand and determines the focus of the essay. No matter what your purpose is, you should clearly state it in thesis. Moreover, the importance of a thesis statement is also in that it helps a writer to narrow down his writing to some specific problem or theme and keep him/her focused. It is important to pay special attention to the introductory part of the paper, as it can influence a decision of the audience on whether to read the rest of the paper or not. Analysis You should start analyzing the literary work with determining different literary devices. They may include main symbols, characters or key themes. The best way to do it is to refer to the previously made notes. Remember, that each of these elements may require specific approach in order to see the connection between them. You will understand that everything is done properly only if all the elements of a puzzle will come together and form a single picture. For example, if you are assigned with a task of analyzing the book The Lord of the Rings, and you are free to choose a topic you like, you can dwell on symbolism in it. In this case, your thesis can be written with focus on a ring as a symbol of power. Consequently, it will give a clear understanding what the paper will be about. Moreover, if this topic is chosen, you can also make a connection between power and how it influences people, corruption in a modern world connected to it, etc. It will give your paper a deeper meaning and will lead to a positive outcome. Many students consider an assignment in literary assignment writing as a tragedy, especially if they have to work with long text. However, writing an analysis on a long book is not as scary as it may seem. Long texts usually have many characters, who form a part of a general narration and, at the same time, give you a possibility to sustain and support your ideas based on how they act, as well as their goals and ambitions. Big works give you a bigger area for action. The most difficult part in working with such literary works may be the reading itself. However, as soon as you finish doing it, it will be easier for you to choose what information or what storyline to pick for your work. On the contrary, small books may limit the number of options and make you look for additional information elsewhere. Conclusion The final part of your essay is the conclusion. It is an important part of a paper because it is the last thing the readers will read and it is the part they will remember most. Consequently, your task is to refresh your main idea from the thesis statement and briefly summarize the main ideas of the paper. Considering our previous example,The Lord of the Rings, it will be necessary to restate the importance of the ring as a symbol of power in the book and tell about how power can affect individuals and other people around them. If the requirements allow, you can also provide your own opinion on the topic under discussion at the end of conclusion. In case it is not allowed by the instructions, you can restate the thesis and make an emphasis on the importance of studying the topic further. It is important to remember that your conclusion should actually conclude a paper. Make sure you do not make an impression as if you have not said everything you wanted. Final Words on Literary Analysis Essay Writing As you can see, literary analysis essay writing may not be as difficult as you think, if you follow certain rules. Many students underestimate the preparatory stage. It is a big mistake as it helps build a necessary basis for your further work. Managing your time is also a crucial thing in the process of essay writing, as well as taking notes and writing down main ideas and important elements of the narration. Believing in personal strengths and proper preparation will definitely result in positive outcome.

Free Essays on Operations Management--Bar Layout Design

McInnerney’s Sports Pub and Grill Layout Strategy I. General Background McInnerney’s Mission Statement †Our Goal is: To sell delicious and remarkable food and spirits. That the food and drink we sell meets the highest standards of quality, freshness and seasonality. To consistently provide our customers with impeccable service by demonstrating warmth, graciousness, efficiency, knowledge, professionalism and integrity in our work. To have every customer who comes through our doors leave impressed by McInnerney’s and excited to come back again. To create and maintain a restaurant and bar that is comprehensive and exceptional in its attention to every detail of operation. To provide all who work with us a friendly, cooperative and rewarding environment that encourages long- term, satisfying, growth employment. To be a giving member of the Iowa City community and to use our restaurant to improve the quality of life in the eastern Iowa region.† McInnerney’s offers both a product and a service. The product consists of the wide variety of food and drink. The service is the hospitality the staff provides to every individual customer. McInnerney’s is a small privately owned business. Their revenue consists of liquor sales (about 45%)and the rest from food sales (about 55%). The weekly sales at McInnerney’s, on average, is five to six thousand dollars. Annual sales are not available because McInnerney’s has only been open for business for eight months. They employ four full time workers (managers) and twenty-eight part time employees (cooks, wait staff, and bartenders). McInnerney’s customers consist mostly of individuals from age twenty-one all the way up to eighty. The majority of their customers are middle age men that like to drink alcohol and watch sports on television. They come to McInnerney’s for quality food, drinks, and customer service while they are watching ... Free Essays on Operations Management--Bar Layout Design Free Essays on Operations ManagementBar Layout Design McInnerney’s Sports Pub and Grill Layout Strategy I. General Background McInnerney’s Mission Statement †Our Goal is: To sell delicious and remarkable food and spirits. That the food and drink we sell meets the highest standards of quality, freshness and seasonality. To consistently provide our customers with impeccable service by demonstrating warmth, graciousness, efficiency, knowledge, professionalism and integrity in our work. To have every customer who comes through our doors leave impressed by McInnerney’s and excited to come back again. To create and maintain a restaurant and bar that is comprehensive and exceptional in its attention to every detail of operation. To provide all who work with us a friendly, cooperative and rewarding environment that encourages long- term, satisfying, growth employment. To be a giving member of the Iowa City community and to use our restaurant to improve the quality of life in the eastern Iowa region.† McInnerney’s offers both a product and a service. The product consists of the wide variety of food and drink. The service is the hospitality the staff provides to every individual customer. McInnerney’s is a small privately owned business. Their revenue consists of liquor sales (about 45%)and the rest from food sales (about 55%). The weekly sales at McInnerney’s, on average, is five to six thousand dollars. Annual sales are not available because McInnerney’s has only been open for business for eight months. They employ four full time workers (managers) and twenty-eight part time employees (cooks, wait staff, and bartenders). McInnerney’s customers consist mostly of individuals from age twenty-one all the way up to eighty. The majority of their customers are middle age men that like to drink alcohol and watch sports on television. They come to McInnerney’s for quality food, drinks, and customer service while they are watching ...

Juridical and Juridicial

Juridical and Juridicial Juridical and Juridicial Juridical and Juridicial By Maeve Maddox Peter Ki asks: Whats the difference between juridical process and juridicial process? My first reaction to the question was juridicial isnt even a word! However, juridicial is a word and a Google search brought up several thousand uses of it, although the list of hits was headed by Googles little red Did you mean: followed by the word juridical. The OED acknowledges the existence of juridicial with this curt entry: a. Relating to the legality of an action.  Ã‚  b. = JURIDICAL Merriam-Webster, on the other hand, doesnt even have an entry for juridicial, My conclusion is that juridicial means the same thing as juridical, so, unless lawyers attach some specialized meaning to juridicial, Id go with juridical. A juridical process is a process determined by law. Juridical differs from judicial. The adjective juridical means relating to the administration of the law. The adjective judicial means relating to courts of law or judges. We can talk about the judicial system (the organization of courts and judges) or a judicial decision (one made by a judge). We can talk about a juridical interpretation of an action (strictly according to the law) or a juridical system (a body of laws by which a state or organization is governed). Then theres the word judicious which, although derived from the same origin as the legal terms, is a word for general use. A judicious person has sound judgment. Its to be hoped that judges will hand down judicious decisions from the bench, but theyre not the only ones who can be judicious. Careful shoppers can make judicious decisions about what to spend their money on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives Time Words: Era, Epoch, and Eon50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

Sarasota School of Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sarasota School of Architecture - Research Paper Example l style or Bauhaus as it is called in European school, deviated from the historical styles and started innovations by introducing new materials and technologies (Sarasota Architectural Foundation , par 2). Sarasota combined Bauhaus with the forms of Southern Architecture which made use of patios, verandas, modular construction and raised floors which allow natural ventilation (Sarasota Architectural Foundation , par 3). â€Å"The style added a play of light and shadow, and the color and texture of indigenous low maintenance materials, softening the cold machine aesthetic of the Bauhaus† (Sarasota Architectural Foundation , par 3). Characteristic of the design were flat roofs with no ornamentation and no air-conditioning. Building materials used for the beach houses were plywood, plate glass and terrazzo flooring (Herald Tribune , par 3). These were accentuated by bright primary colors but the wood structural elements were painted white. The Herald Tribune further describes the beach houses as having big roof overhangs, glass walls to allow the view of the water, cross ventilation and sometimes vaulted roof forms (par 3). The Sarasota School of Architecture reflected a minimalis t architectural style which minimized the impact of the sun, captured the breezes but at the same time took advantage of the indoor and outdoor spaces (Sarasota History Alive , par 18). "The beauty of simplicity, the concept of sculpted architectural space, and the emotional aspects of architecture," are the concepts that Sarasota adapted from the Masters of Modern Architecture (Sarasota History Alive , par 17). Several modern architectural principles were adapted by the Sarasota School of Architecture. Clear geometric and structural concepts played an important role in creating a defined living space. Enclosure of space and capture of light was another principle utilized (Seibert , par 5). Nowadays, one seldom sees houses or buildings that are greatly influenced by the Sarasota

U2 Case Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U2 Case Project - Coursework Example d http://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited, serverDeleteProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited, serverTransferProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited, serverUpdateProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited. clientDeleteProhibited -- http://www.icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited, clientRenewProhibited -- http://www.icann.org/epp#clientRenewProhibited, clientTransferProhibited -- http://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited, clientUpdateProhibited -- http://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited, serverDeleteProhibited -- http://www.icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited, serverRenewProhibited -- http://www.icann.org/epp#serverRenewProhibited, serverTransferProhibited -- http://www.icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited, serverUpdateProhibited -- http://www.icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited In this section we shall resolve the server issues being experienced by a company that has upgraded its network from Windows Server 2000 server to Windows Server 2008. A server acts as an electronic filing cabinet. This happens to be one of its fundamental roles. Client’s connection to a server is purposefully to gain access to a shared file or stored data. Bender (2009) to us the newly improved technologies from Windows Server 2008 that will help in solving the server issue. These are improved distributed file services and improved file sharing wizard. A centralized point is provided by the distributed file sharing service (DFS), it is at this point that information is loaded to enable easy access. This point will enable the business to access network data from the database. The other technology is file sharing wizard. The sharing wizard on the system must first be enabled in other to share files with other network users. In order to establish connection you first start by c licking network and sharing center. You then turn on public folder sharing; this applies on systems with established

Workplace Surveillance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workplace Surveillance - Essay Example To uphold to ethics therefore, many are the organizations who have adapted to the use of workplace surveillance. Though many justify the practice, the writer holds the view that workplace surveillance is not an appropriate way of achieving ethical uprightness and that it infringes on basic human rights of workers. Background Workplace surveillance has been practiced in most parts of America for quite some time now. The practice has indeed been replicated in many parts of the world. In Australia for instance, it is on record that workplace surveillance is backed by the Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 under the New South Wales Consolidated Acts (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2012). In practice, workplace surveillance permits employers and managers to monitor the activities and operations of their employees, purposely by the use of technological tools. It is not surprising therefore that computer surveillance, under which there is internet surveillance and desktop surveillan ce happens to be the commonest forms of surveillance commonly in practice in most organizations. The Opposition The writer holds the view that the purported reason for undertaking workplace surveillance to regulate the working activities of workers in order to bring about adherence to workplace ethics is a misuse of the system. The opposition view would therefore say that it is appropriate to have workplace surveillance to ensure organizational ethics. The following sections presents a two sided debate whereby the strength and weaknesses of the opposition claims are outlined as against the warrants of the substantive claim. The strengths and weaknesses of opponents’ claim The major strengths in the opposition claims include the fact that no all people can be trusted to on their own put up good behavior and guide against such behavior as pilfering, rudeness towards customers and irresponsible use of working hours. For this reason, workplace surveillance would just be appropria te to put everyone under check. There could also be a merit of workplace surveillance whereby it puts everyone equal before the law and fights against partiality in the sense that once the system is used, each and every individual comes under the surveillance. This is especially so when sophisticated cameras and other technological tools are used (Logan, 2009). These merits not withstanding, the use of cameras and other equipment to watch the everyday steps of workers at the workplace clearly infringes on their privacy (Robinson, 2012). Yet again, the theory of behaviorism provides that the conscience of people to select good morals is better shaped if the people are nurtured to select such attitudes by themselves (Privacy Right Clearinghouse, 2012). This is indeed a major contradiction to the principle of workplace surveillance. The effect of the forceful nature of getting people to be ethical would therefore be that in a situation whereby the systems break down or for whatever lit tle opportunity people get, they would abuse the system and make multiple mistakes of all that they intended to do but did not have the chance to do because of surveillance. Present claim The point is therefore being reiterated again that workplace surveillance is an extreme way of checking for ethical practice at the workplace and thus it is inappropriate. If indeed the figurative saying that there are several ways of killing a cat is true, then it is important that work input and output be monitored but this should take a different dimension other than the use of surveillance technology. Warrants for claim and the opposition The warrant

Computer networking and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Computer networking and management - Essay Example The protocol constitutes two layers; one is the TLS Record Protocol and the other is TLS handshake protocol. Netgear (2005) further discusses that TLS Record Protocol is a layered protocol. There are different contents for messages at every layer; messages may contain fields for length or details about the message. Record Protocol performs a series of functions; takes the data/message which is desired to be transmitted to the other end, divides the data into smaller blocks, performs the compression function on the data if needed, applies a MAC and encrypts the message according to it and then finally transmits the result. The data which is received at the target server is decrypted, then verified if it has come from the expected host, decompressed and finally passed onto the target host. TLS Record has two main properties, which are discussed below: Connection between the two communicating entities is private. The technique that is used for data encryption is symmetric cryptography. The connection is secure because the key for this symmetric cryptography is unique for every connection, which is communicated between the two connecting applications by another protocol- TLS Handshake Protocol. If security of the connection can be compromised then it is possible to utilize the Record Protocol without encryption. Another characteristic about the protocol is that it provides a reliable connection; this is possible due to the provision of a message integrity check which works on a keyed MAC. The security of MAC is ensured by computing it with a secure hash functions. TLS Handshake Protocol gives a medium for the client and server to authenticate each other and to decide an encryption algorithm. Cryptographic keys are also negotiated among the two applications before any data is transferred or received by either. The steps for TLS handshake protocol are defined in the figure below; The negotiation process of the encryption algorithm is also secure therefore

People Classification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People Classification - Essay Example Over the years that I served in the army, I have learnt that a single soldier may shine out as the star of the play, but the true success of the Unit always is a consequence of the team that works together. It not only includes the other comrades, but all those people who remain behind the scenes, in a supportive role. This has made me realize, that one should never qualify success on the face of how things seem. The tip of the iceberg can never truly explain what the entire emblem stands for. Nothing is skin deep, not even skin itself! There is a lot more struggle and undertaking that goes into achieving a task that is otherwise visible. And I feel that it is in making all this effort that the secret of life lies. Success is not attained by achieving something, but by treading the path. For instance, in war, the victorious army has seemingly successful soldiers celebrating what they have achieved. But what about their friends who died in the struggle, to make sure their comrades wou ld achieve the same? The answer is very simple; they are in effect more successful than those who survived, because they believed in something so much, that they were willing to give away their lives for the cause. And that is the true measure of success. The fact is, that when one defines a path for oneself, then merely walking that path is an assurance of success.   Rationalistically, nobody can achieve everything. Further, the natural shortfalls in our lives, including financial, physical and emotional emergencies.

Law discussion5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Law discussion5 - Essay Example When the front desk employee is notified of the spilled drink, he is immediately has a legal obligation to do something about it due to the law on duty of care. The duty was breached since the front office employee did not promptly act on the information provided. He should have the drink washed up. By failing to act immediately, the employee and the hotel by extension, breach their duty and fail to meet their institutional obligation. The standard of care is often defined as the level of caution and reason expected of any individual or institution that has a duty of care. The standard of care in this case is therefore neutralizing the danger posed by the spilled drink. They can either have it washed up immediately or at least bar the lobby until they can clean it up. The hotel did not obviously meet this standard of care. John’s injuries are as a result of an accident that can be solely attributed to negligence of the hotel. The breach of duty was therefore the proximate cause of his injuries and the hotel should face full liability. An injury is any harm done to a person or persons caused by an act or omission of another or others. Injury is mainly physical hurt but includes damage to dignity or reputation, loss of a constitutional right, or even breach of contract. In this case there is injury in that the boy breaks his hand. There is also injury through breach of duty of care as the boy is exposed to danger in a place he is promised to be

People Classification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People Classification - Essay Example Over the years that I served in the army, I have learnt that a single soldier may shine out as the star of the play, but the true success of the Unit always is a consequence of the team that works together. It not only includes the other comrades, but all those people who remain behind the scenes, in a supportive role. This has made me realize, that one should never qualify success on the face of how things seem. The tip of the iceberg can never truly explain what the entire emblem stands for. Nothing is skin deep, not even skin itself! There is a lot more struggle and undertaking that goes into achieving a task that is otherwise visible. And I feel that it is in making all this effort that the secret of life lies. Success is not attained by achieving something, but by treading the path. For instance, in war, the victorious army has seemingly successful soldiers celebrating what they have achieved. But what about their friends who died in the struggle, to make sure their comrades wou ld achieve the same? The answer is very simple; they are in effect more successful than those who survived, because they believed in something so much, that they were willing to give away their lives for the cause. And that is the true measure of success. The fact is, that when one defines a path for oneself, then merely walking that path is an assurance of success.   Rationalistically, nobody can achieve everything. Further, the natural shortfalls in our lives, including financial, physical and emotional emergencies.

Hotplate Wind and Rain Sensor Essay Example for Free

Hotplate Wind and Rain Sensor Essay By keeping the two heated plates at a constant set point temperature it is possible to measure the power necessary to maintain this temperature. The change in power over time needed to maintain this state can be equated with wind removing heat from the plates. We can also evaporate water off one of the plates and measure the work done by the system in evaporation. The further energy required by this plate for water evaporation when measured will constitute a rain sensor. These plates will from now on be referred to as the rain plate or top plate and the wind plate or bottom plate. If the bottom plate is kept dry while being exposed to the wind it can effectively act as a reference plate to evaluate how much extra work is being done to the plate exposed to the rain also. The plates can be seen as a point source in terms of wind exposure since the heated area is small, being ~35mm*65mm. By measuring the work done on the bottom plate from some initial reference point an estimate of the cooling effect of the wind on the plate can be made, e. g. f it takes 10W/hr to maintain a temperature of 25 °C in a dry wind free environment of 20 °C and it takes 2W/hr to maintain a temp of 21 °C in the same environment then in this case if there is an additional 2W/hr used in the system we can say that a wind chill factor of –1 is present. By using a chart of wind chill factors and an equation to calculate the wind chill velocities we can estimate the win d speed. The current standard equation describing wind chill is: Ideally this equation can be solved with a temperature reading derived from the wind plate and compared to a chart of wind chill factors to find a velocity value. The problem with this approach for laboratory purposes is that the equations results becomes unreliable for temperatures above about 10 °C and since all experimental readings were conducted at room temperature i. e. ~23 °C it was difficult to use this method satisfactorily. For the evaporation of rain the latent heat of evaporation or enthalpy of evaporation of water DHvap is tabulated and has been measured as 100 °C40. 657 kJ/mol 80 °C41. 585 kJ/mol Assuming that at 90 ° the value is 41kJ/mol and that the molecular mass of water is 18. 01508 gram/mol then using this value we can say that: If we also take into account the temperature of the Aluminium tray and the heat it passes to the water then we should get an estimate for how long it will take the system to evaporate 1ml of water. For the Al tray the specific heat is taken as 938J/kg/ °K and the temperature drops by about 8 °C when 1ml of water is applied. Using where m = 10. 7*10-3 kg , c = 938 J/kg/ °K , dT = 8 ° giving the energy imparted to the water by the Aluminium trays QAl = 80J By dividing the DHvap of the rainwater by the energy supplied by the plates we should get an estimate of the time it will take to evaporate 1ml of water from the plates. Since the time taken for the plate to reheat to its 90 ° set point value is included in the measurements it is unnecessary to include the heat transferred by the Aluminium plates in the estimates. Thus Since 1g of water  » 1ml of water it’s a good estimate to say this is the time the system will take to evaporate 0. 416mm of rain. The conversion rate of 1ml of water = 0. 416mm rain or 2. 4ml of water = 1mm of rain is based on the dimensions of the Aluminium trays which have a capacity of 12ml and a depth of 5mm. 412s/ml turns out to be a slightly high estimate for the time the system takes to evaporate 1ml of water. This is possibly due to impurities in the Aluminium trays, which can lead to increased thermal emissivity. Also impurities in the water can lead to a lower density and lower latent heat. 3INSTRUMENTATION, HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 3. 1Hardware The initial hardware in the lab was inadequate although it provided a good copy of what is probably used in similar commercial applications. There were 2 x 2cm2 Aluminium plates which were heated by small power resistors, model RF2222. These were switched by the IRF510 0. 5? rectifier mosfets, which were inset in series with 47K? resistors to reduce overheating. Both circuit loops were wired in parallel to a single power source, i. e. while each switch had its own individual digital logic voltage of 5v or 0v, the hotplates shared one power source. This made it difficult to establish which plates were active and to distinguish them from one another. Another problem with this initial circuit setup was the inadequate size of the hotplates themselves. They were too small to attach the thermocouple devices to and too flat to collect rain in since they were only flat Aluminium. These were replaced with 2 Aluminium trays which had an area of 275 mm2 , an inside depth of 5mm, a total volume of ~12. ml each and masses of 10. 70g for the top tray and 12. 35g for the bottom tray respectively. Figure 1 Detail of the Aluminium Trays and Hot plates Figure 2 shows a block diagram for the final circuit design. Figure 2 Block Diagram for the Hot plate Circuit The first change made was to replace the power resistors with 2 DBK 30W hotplates with 5. 5W/m2 heat output. These are aluminium plates heated with nichrome wire wrapped in a tubular pattern inside them. They are available in a wide range of operating modes, both ac and dc and with various power and temperature ratings. For this project I chose the HP03-1/08-24 model since they have a maximum power drain of 30W and operate at DC voltages between 12—24V. Testing them with a voltmeter showed them to have a variable resistance. They recorded a maximum of 100W at their peak temperatures and 10W at their minimum. The circuits were redesigned so that each loop had its own individual power source. This was done to more accurately measure the activity of each plate. With a separate current and voltage indicator for each plate it was easier to determine which plate was drawing power, how much and when. It also helped overcome problems of inadequate power supply to the plates, which could demand a current in excess of 2A when heating initially due to their low resistance at that stage. The IRF510 mosfet switches in series with a 49KW resistor were later replaced with lower resistance IRFZ34N rectifiers which had a lower resistance of 0. 04? compared to 0. 5W for the IRF510 to reduce heating which was occurring in them in the initial heating phase of the plates when the system was switched on. These were added to the circuit in series with a 3. 9KW resistor. The purpose of these resistances was to avoid overheating in the mosfets causing thermal breakdown. During this phase the power to the plates was a maximum as the plate resistance was lowest ~10?. In addition the power drain was continuous until they reached their set temperature so the amount of time they were switched off was a minimum. Once they reach the set point temperature they then began switching and so the continuous on time for each one was reduced. It was this time difference along with the temperature difference of the plates that was measured in this experiment. The temperature at the Aluminium measurement surfaces was measured by 2 type-j thermocouples, which were connected to the PC via the USB-TC data acquisition unit. Aluminium trays were attached to the hotplates using a nylon clip and screws and the thermocouple devices were attached to the same side of these trays further down to measure the temperature of the Aluminium trays as opposed to the temperature of the hotplates. Digital outputs on the USB-TC unit were in turn connected to the mosfet rectifiers, which switched the power supply to the plates on and off. In this way the temperature at the plates was to be maintained at a set point assigned in the software on the PC. A third thermocouple was used to record the ambient temperature in order to help accommodate calibration of the system. Rain and wind were simulated using a dropper and a spray atomiser for rain while an air pump and a hot air paint stripper were used to simulate wind. In one sample I used ice as a rain source although the data from this may be inconclusive due to difficulties measuring the quantity of ice used. Visual estimation was the only way to measure it and trying to find a 1cm3. It should also be mentioned that neither the dropper nor the atomiser represent very accurate measurement sources with errors I estimate of about  ±0. 5ml. A Velocicalc handheld anemometer was used to measure the wind speeds produced by the wind sources. 3. 2Software Initial work was done on existing VIs (Virtual Instruments) that came packaged with the USB-TC device. These included simple programs to configure the digital ports on the device and to take a reading from an analogue thermocouple port. These helped me understand the workings of Labview and in particular the objects that would be pertinent to my project. The VI developed for the wind and rain sensors in Labview worked on a timed loop basis. The outer loop was timed at the same frequency as the analogue thermocouple inputs to avoid duplicating readings in the data log file. Inside this a second loop was used to continuously change the value at the digital output ports. Depending on the output value of the PID controller a further PID analysis tool would output a Boolean value thus switching the plates on or off. This allowed much more frequent changes to the plates on/off states thus allowing more accurate control of the plates. In order to get accurate time reading for the on/off states of the plates I set them to default off in the outside loop, this meant that in each 0. 5 sec loop iteration the maximum amount of time a plate could be active was 0. 4 sec. This meant that while the system was slower to reach its set point temperature it was less prone to overshooting the set point. This was an improvement on the initial VI that was only capable of switching at the same frequency as the analogue ports and was prone to overshoot the set point temperature by about 1.  °C 2 °C. In contrast the system now recorded average temperatures ~ 0. 5 °C below the set point. The software recorded all data to an excel file which was named arbitrarily according to the timestamp on the machine at the sample start time, e. g. hotplate_data_200713021234. xls. These files recorded about 7200 records per hr and were about 0. 5mb in size before any data analysis. Each file contains rows of readings, which contain a timest amp in milliseconds and 3 temperature readings, top plate, bottom plate and ambient room temperature. Figure 3 shows the time taken to evaporate 1ml of ice over a 10-minute period with the data showing a minimum temperature recorded of 70. 005 °C. The unusual low recorded on the bottom plate is due to the sample being taken before the plate had reached its set point temperature and can be ignored. Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the difference between 1ml of water where the plates can maintain 90 °C in a wind free environment and 1ml of water in a windy environment where the maximum rain plate temperature reached was 83 °C with the rain evaporating at ~69 °C. In both cases it takes less then 400 sec to evaporate the water despite the difference in temperatures at which the plates are operating in each case. It took ~300 sec in the wind free environment to evaporate the water and in the second scenario approx 350 sec. This time difference may have been primarily due to the cooling effect of the wind on the heating element of the rain plate. Figure 1 shows the gap between the plates that allowed the wind to act on the back of the rain plate. In this case I did tilt the plates towards the wind source slightly at an angle of ~10 ° to the horizontal so both plates were exposed to the wind source. This will have had an inevitable effect on both plate temperatures. In a real implementation of a system like this the back of the plates would be thermally isolated with some kind of insulating material thus giving more credence to the results and what they imply in terms of weather effects. However the difference in base temperature can be seen clearly in the second part of Figure 5 where the plates operate at a difference of ~5 °C due to the wind. In this instance the measured wind difference between the plates was 1m/s and with a wind temperature of 25 °C. In this case the wind speeds measured using the Velocicalc were 0. 26m/s at the rain plate, 1. 26m/s at the bottom plate and 3. 52m/s at the ambient temperature thermocouple, which was located about 5cm left of the plates. Average82. 5859389. 4717824. 44208 Min70. 00585. 30724. 179 Max90. 24990. 46624. 67 Figure 3 Ice sample 1ml 10 minutes sample Average83. 9734689. 6681423. 80404 Min72. 47588. 76123. 696 Max90. 36990. 44823. 991 Figure 4 Dropper sample 1ml 10 minutes Average84. 644385. 5546425. 30292 min63. 73476. 00623. 51 max90. 28390. 48229. 856 Figure 5 Dropper sample 10 minutes 1ml with wind source It is also interesting to see that the minimum temperature reached in water was 72. 475 °C as compared to 70 °C for ice and 63. 734 °C for water in windy conditions. This shows that maintaining set point against wind speed will be a strong factor in the power drain of a real system. I took several groups of readings over one-hour intervals and with different quantities of water to try and establish the linearity of the evaporation rate of the system. I also wished to compare the different behavior of the plates due to different methods of applying the water. This would correlate to light drizzle and driving rain in terms of weather conditions. To do this I took half of the measurements with a dropper syringe and half with a perfume atomizer. In this case it could be seen that the surface area of the water particles have a distinct effect on the time taken to evaporate them. Although it is also possible that applying the water with the atomizer may have led to some of the samples missing the tray or evaporating before they contacted the tray, the figures do show an apparent difference in effects.

Shrimp

Shrimp Shrimp have a very busy, but short life. In 1 ½ years, shrimp molt and grow through 7 stages. A shrimps life begins in warm, salty Gulf water as one of almost 500,000 small eggs attached to the legs of a female shrimp. A few days later, nauplius larvae hatch from the tiny eggs and float with the swift currents in the Gulf. These small shrimp look like tiny spiders and have no swimming legs. At this stage, the shrimp do not eat other organisms but live on its nutrition for two weeks. The next stage is called protozoea. These fuzzy-looking shrimp quickly grow into the fourth stage of a shrimps life cycle, mysis. Unlike earlier stages, these shrimp can respond to sunlight by moving deeper into the Gulf water to hide from predators. The fifth stage of growth is postlarvae. For the first time, shrimp can cling to the bottom of the estuary floor. For 4 to 6 weeks, these medium sized shrimp grow into juvenile shrimp. Juvenile shrimp like to hide and eat under plants in shallow, salty wate r. These shrimp grow into the sixth stage known as subadult. Subadult shrimp only swim to the top of the water at night. They migrate with the currents and grow into adult shrimp with the changes in temperature. When the water temperature rises, the shrimp return to the Gulf. Adult shrimp live in 60 to 500 ft of water, a depth about the length of 1 ½ football fields. Throughout their life, a shrimp eats many different things such as micro-algae, worms, decaying animal parts, plant roots, coral, and other shrimp. Their eating habits contribute to the health of Louisianas estuary. Species of shrimp Many species of shrimp live in the Gulf of Mexico and Louisianas estuaries. Two of the most popular to eat are brown shrimp and white shrimp. White shrimp are easy to notice. They have long, black antennas and a smooth tail shell. A white shrimp can be a few different colors. White shrimp are pink if caught during the night. White shrimp may be white or grey, depending on the temperature and the amount of salt in the water. Migrating shrimp have red legs. A shrimps color does not affect its taste once cooked. White shrimp begin their life cycle in the Gulf. When the temperature of the Gulf is just right, a female white shrimp spawns only two or three times. They migrate toward land in the early summer. They feed and grow until the early fall. When the water temperature becomes cooler, white shrimp migrate back into the Gulf during August, September, and October. Once they begin migrating, white shrimp in coastal and bay waters are harvested. White shrimp grow the largest size so shimpers love to harvest them. Brown shrimp are similar to white shrimp in many ways. Like white shrimp, their colors can vary. Small brown shrimp in estuaries are dark grey. Near shore in Gulf waters, brown shrimp are tan. Large brown shrimp in offshore waters are dark brown or red. Unlike white shrimp, the color of a brown shrimp does affect its taste. Because natural iodine causes the brown color in shrimp, dark brown shrimp have a bitter, iodine taste. Brown shrimps anatomy is different than white shrimp. They have brown, medium length antennas and small grooves on their shell. Brown shrimp also have a toothed rostrum, a sharp piece of shell that points out over their eyes. Brown shrimp also begin their life cycle in the Gulf. By responding to a change in water temperature, they spawn all year long in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico. They migrate inland to the estuaries before the white shrimp in the winter. Brown shrimp feed and grow until early summer. They are harvested during the summer in May, June, and July while still inland and rather small. Brown shrimp migrate back to the Gulf of Mexico in the late summer to spawn. Shrimp is one of Louisianas most valuable resources. Louisiana has more shrimp landings than any other state. Louisiana shrimpers work so hard that they are the #1 producer of shrimp in the U.S. In spite of this, Louisiana shrimp accounts for only 10% of the shrimp eaten in the United States! How could this be? Most people buy shrimp that is imported from other countries. Shrimpers in Louisiana are forced to lower the price of their shrimp to compete with the price of the imported shrimp. This low price really hurts Louisianas shrimp industry. By reducing their prices, Louisiana shrimpers may not meet their business financial needs. You can help support Louisianas shrimp industry in different ways. One way is to only buy Louisiana shrimp. You can always visit local docks and buy shrimp directly from shrimpers. Local shrimp is much fresher than the frozen, imported shrimp. You can even ask for Louisiana shrimp at restaurants and grocery stores. When buying shrimp When buying shrimp, you should consider a few important details. Some shrimp packages are labeled â€Å"head on.† This means the shrimps head was not removed. Other packages are labeled â€Å"headless.† This means that the shrimps head was removed. Sometimes shrimp are labeled as â€Å"green headless† shrimp. â€Å"Green† simply means that the shrimp are organic and unprocessed. Both brown and white shrimp occasionally have black spots on their shells. These black spots are caused by the reaction of natural amino acids and sunlight. Although they do not look appealing, these shrimp do not taste different and are safe to eat. Shrimp are labeled by how many shrimp there are per pound. On the package of shrimp are two numbers. For example, a package may be labeled 61/70.† This means there are about 61 to 70 shrimp per pound in the package. A smaller number indicates bigger shrimp. For example, one package might have been labeled as 16/20. These shrimp a re much larger than the 61/70 shrimp and contain 16 to 20 shrimp per pound. Sometimes you might see a package labeled as U/10. This package contains about 10 â€Å"colossal† shrimp per pound. Fishermen recently found a new invasive species. While fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, they caught a few Tiger shrimp. Tiger shrimp are the largest shrimp in the world. They are natives of Southeast Asia, Philippines, and Australia. Adult Tiger shrimp are 36 cm long. That is about 21 cm larger than adult white shrimp! Adult Tiger shrimp usually have black and white stripes on their tails. Their bodies may be brown, green, red, grey, blue, black, or yellow. Their color depends on the temperature and the amount of salt in the water. Just like white shrimp, their color does not affect their taste. Tiger shrimp begin their life during the night. A female shrimp will spawn about 750,000 eggs that are attached to her legs. These eggs hatch in 15 hours. They quickly grow through the same 7 stages as white and brown shrimp. Tiger shrimp grow into the adult stage in just a few months. Just like other shrimp, Tiger shrimp live on the bottom of estuaries during the day. They swim around in search of food during the night. Tiger shrimp are predators. They eat other shrimp and small fish. Because Tiger shrimp are new to the Gulf of Mexico, scientists are not sure if they will become invasive. Scientists must track this species of shrimp in local habitats to determine if the Tiger shrimp will harm the environment. If you find a Tiger shrimp, you should call BTNEP at (985) 447-0868 or Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries at (225) 765-2800. Shrimp are important to Louisianas estuary. Their niche, or role, changes with each new stage of their life cycle. A shrimps niche can be determined by studying the physical changes at each stage in its life cycle. Below is the life cycle of a shrimp. Label each stage. Then in the first block, describe the physical characteristics of the shrimp at each stage. In the second block, hypothesize how the shrimps physical traits help it adapt to its changing environment. To check your answers, go to http://www.seagrantfish.lsu.edu/biological/shrimpniche.htm#lifecycle. Americans eat 1 billion pounds of shrimp in one year! Americans eat more shrimp than any other food.